Professor of Psychology, member of CSI and Skeptical Inquirer Magazine, James Alcock after evaluating Bem's 9 experiments claimed to have found metaphorical " dirty test tubes ", serious methodological flaws such as changing the procedures partway through the experiments and combining results of tests with different chances of significance.

All of these forces under Bem's command added about 10 to 12, 000 infantry and cavalry soldiers and more than 30 cannon.

The publication of Bem's article and the resulting controversy prompted a wide-ranging commentary by Etienne LeBel and Kurt Peters.

Using Bem's article as a case study they discussed deficiencies in modal research practice, the methodology most commonly used in experimental psychology.

On Aronson's view, however, the lawyer may feel dissonance specifically because falsely calling the defendant " innocent " conflicts with the lawyer's own self-concept of being an honest person. In many experimental situations, Bem's theory and Festinger's dissonance theory make identical predictions, but only dissonance theory predicts the presence of unpleasant tension or arousal.

Bem's Exotic Becomes Erotic theory ( EBE ) presents one possible explanation as to what differentiates the etiology of homosexuality from heterosexuality.

One of the nine experiments in Bem's study (' Retroactive Facilitation of Recall ') has since been replicated by scientists Stuart Ritchie, Chris French, and Richard Wiseman.

According to Francis this suggests that Bem's experiments cannot be taken as a proper scientific study, as critical data is likely unavailable.

Francis also noted that perhaps the most striking characteristic of Bem's experiments is that they meet current standards of experimental psychology.

During the Battle of Ostrołęka, Bem's forces bravely charged the Russian opponents.

Although the Polish army suffered a serious defeat with a loss of 6, 000 men, Bem's actions prevented the destruction of the entire army.

** Kálmán Deresnyi, General Bem's Winter Campaign in Transylvania, 1848 – 1849 ( Hung.

Avram Iancu's remained the only resistance force: he retreated to harsh terrain, mounting a guerrilla campaign on Bem's forces, causing severe damage and blocking the route to Alba Iulia.

Bem's self-perception theory makes a similar assumption.

One reason for the absence of a response to Alcock's early challenges may have been different football codes being followed in Scotland at the time.

Dewey's most significant writings were " The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology " ( 1896 ), a critique of a standard psychological concept and the basis of all his further work ; Democracy and Education ( 1916 ), his celebrated work on progressive education ; Human Nature and Conduct ( 1922 ), a study of the function of habit in human behavior ; The Public and its Problems ( 1927 ), a defense of democracy written in response to Walter Lippmann's The Phantom Public ( 1925 ); Experience and Nature ( 1925 ), Dewey's most " metaphysical " statement ; Art as Experience ( 1934 ), Dewey's major work on aesthetics ; A Common Faith ( 1934 ), a humanistic study of religion originally delivered as the Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale ; Logic: The Theory of Inquiry ( 1938 ), a statement of Dewey's unusual conception of logic ; Freedom and Culture ( 1939 ), a political work examining the roots of fascism ; and Knowing and the Known ( 1949 ), a book written in conjunction with Arthur F. Bentley that systematically outlines the concept of trans-action, which is central to his other works.

He followed this with The Poverty of Philosophy ( 1847 ), a response to the French anarcho-socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty and a critique of French socialist thought in general.

" Comte's analysis would be used by later theorists in response to the socialist critique on property.

In further response to this issue, rock critic Jim DeRogatis, a former Rolling Stone editor, published a thorough critique of the magazine's lists in a book called Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics ( ISBN 1-56980-276-9 ), which featured differing opinions from many younger critics.

Joe Haldeman's The Forever War is a critique of the genre, a Vietnam-era response to the World War II – style stories of earlier authors.

In response to these criticisms, BioWare announced on April 5 that they would reschedule their post-release content production and release an " Extended Cut " DLC that would expand the original endings and address the most common points of critique.

The film was made as a response to High Noon, which is sometimes thought to be an allegory for blacklisting in Hollywood, as well as a critique of McCarthyism.

The book had been intended in part as a satire, a tract against child labour, as well as a serious critique of the closed-minded approaches of many scientists of the day in their response to Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution, which Kingsley had been one of the first to praise.

Lazarus ( 2003 ), writing in Psychological Inquiry, wrote an important early critique as well as a follow-up response to critics.

Richard Wagner also issued a response to Wilamowitz-Moellendorf's critique, but his action only served to characterize Nietzsche as the composer's lackey.

* Wendell Berry wrote a comprehensive critique of Consilience in his essay collection Life is a Miracle writing in response to the suppositions of Wilson's work.

Soon after, Debord issued a typically scathing response denouncing both Vaneigem and his critique of the Situationist International.

The book is not one that could occupy the Leviathan, or preserve the Ship of State, so Swift may be intensifying the dangers of Hobbes's critique rather than allaying them to provoke a more rational response.

These were a response to the critique of much post-war development for creating an isolating environment and discouraging community.

Dunlap and Catton's work immediately received a critique from Frederick Buttel who argued to the contrary that classical sociological foundations could be found for environmental sociology, particularly in Weber's work on ancient " agrarian civilizations " and Durkheim's view of the division of labor as built on a material premise of specialization / specialization in response to material scarcity.

Major published items include Unemployment, ( 1979 ), which analysed the economic causes and social consequences of unemployment in Australia and advocated a socialist response ; The Media: a New Analysis of the Press, Television, Radio and Advertising in Australia, ( 1984 ), on the political economy and content of the news and entertainment media ; The Killing of History, ( 1994 ), a critique of postmodernism in history ; The Fabrication of Aboriginal History: Volume One: Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847, ( 2002 ), which accuses a number of Australian historians of falsifying and inventing the degree of violence in the past ; The White Australia Policy, ( 2004 ), a history of that policy which argues that academic historians have exaggerated the degree of racism in Australian history ; and The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume Three: The Stolen Generations 1881-2008, which argues the story of the " stolen generations " of Aboriginal children is a myth.

In response to his critics, Windschuttle comments that they are " selective " in their critique, " politicised " in their judgment and do not address the " major charges " against the historians whom he criticized in Fabrication.

Partly as a response to the Lucas critique, economists of the 1980s and 1990s began to construct microfounded macroeconomic models based on rational choice, which have come to be called dynamic stochastic general equilibrium ( DSGE ) models.

Whether Zinn intended it or not, Voices serves as a useful response to Kazin ’ s critique.

Thomas Kuhn's idea of paradigm shifts offers a broader critique of logical positivism, arguing that it is not simply individual theories but whole worldviews that must occasionally shift in response to evidence.

The 2002 response to Microsoft's critique is available online.

For example, Steve Woolgar ( 1991 ) considers technology as text in order to critique the sociology of scientific knowledge as applied to technology and to distinguish between three responses to that notion: the instrumental response ( interpretive flexibility ), the interpretivist response ( environmental / organizational influences ), the reflexive response ( a double hermeneutic ).

On September 20 President Obama appeared on all major news programs except Fox News, a snub partially in response to remarks about the president by commentators Glenn Beck and Sean Hannity and Fox coverage of Obama's health-care proposal.

Barber et al., noted that similar factors appeared to mediate the response both to hypnotism and to cognitive-behavioural therapy ( CBT ), in particular systematic desensitization.

In Dewey's article " The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology " which appeared in Psychological Review in 1896, he reasons against the traditional stimulus-response understanding of the reflex arc in favor of a " circular " account in which what serves as " stimulus " and what as " response " depends on how one considers the situation, and defends the unitary nature of the sensory motor circuit.

It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Prominent Sri Lankan anthropologists Gananath Obeyesekere and Kitsiri Malalgoda used the term " Protestant Buddhism " to describe a type of Buddhism that appeared among the Sinhalese in Sri Lanka as a response to Protestant Christian missionaries and their evangelical activities during the British colonial period.

That work appeared in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, which had few readers capable of understanding Gibbs's work, but he shared reprints with his correspondents in Europe and received a particularly favorable response from James Clerk Maxwell, at the University of Cambridge, who made three plaster casts illustrating Gibbs's construct with his own hands and mailed one to Gibbs ( see Maxwell's thermodynamic surface ).

One early convert observed: “ The wisdom of their instructions, the purity of their doctrine, their Christ-like deportment, and the simplicity of their manners, all appeared truly apostolical .” The Shakers represent a small but important Utopian response to the gospel.

In the August 1988 issue of Dragon, he outlined the ideas from readers that been included, and Greyhawk Adventures appeared shortly afterward as a response to requests from Greyhawk fans.

New businesses appeared in response to expanded markets ; White Plains, with branches of many New York City stores, became the County's central shopping center.

The rumour that at the time they met Ludwig had asked her in public if her bosom was real, to which her response was to tear off enough of her garments to prove it is entirely unfounded, and the story only first appeared many decades after Montez's death.

Comic Book Guy's oft-repeated catchphrase, " Worst episode ever ," first appeared on alt. tv. simpsons in an episode review and David X. Cohen decided to use this fan response to lampoon the passion and the fickleness of the fans.

However, whenever Hœnir appeared at assemblies or meetings where the Vanir asked him his opinion on difficult issues, his response was " let others decide.

Often regarded in the context of D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, which had appeared five years earlier, critics have considered Micheaux's project as a response to Griffith.

In practice, this meant state support of all-white schools that appeared as a response to forced integration.

Segar ’ s written response appeared in two newspapers exhorting children everywhere to enjoy Segar ’ s favorite vegetable.

Skeletonisation also appeared at almost exactly the same time that animals started burrowing to avoid predation, and one of the earliest exoskeletons was made of glued-together mineral flakes, suggesting that skeletonisation was likewise a response to increased pressure from predators.

In a flexible dosing study, it appeared that a higher dose range was needed for adequate response.

The combination of sertraline and exposure therapy was not significantly better than sertraline alone ; however, it appeared that the response was achieved faster with the combined treatment.

" In response to the success of Buffett's song, Coe wrote a song insulting Buffett, and it appeared on Nothing Sacred.

The term first appeared in print in Time magazine in October 1964 in response to Julian Stanczak's show Optical Paintings at the Martha Jackson gallery, though works which might now be described as " op art " had been produced for several years previously.

Later that month, at a press conference in the garden of the British embassy in Washington, DC in response to a question as to why he appeared so cheerful, Lamont commented that it was a beautiful morning, adding, " My wife said she heard me singing in the bath this morning ," a response which led to the story that he was singing in the bath with happiness at leaving the ERM.

Her essay, " Enfranchisement of Women ," appeared in the Westminster Review in 1851 in response to a speech by Lucy Stone given at the first National Women's Rights Convention in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1850, and it was reprinted in the United States.

While she is rarely politically outspoken, in 2005 following the Hurricane Katrina disaster, Dion appeared on Larry King Live and tearfully criticized the U. S. government's slow response in aiding the victims of the hurricane: " There's people still there waiting to be rescued.

Publications suggesting the role of brain-gut " axis " appeared in the 1990s, such as the study " Brain-gut response to stress and cholinergic stimulation in IBS " published in the Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology in 1993.