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Bentham and there
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Jeremy Bentham, Florence Nightingale and even Queen Victoria are reputed to have stayed there, although there is no real evidence for this.
Although utilitarianism is usually thought to start with Jeremy Bentham there were earlier writers who presented theories that were strikingly similar.
The success of the Code Napoleon and the writings of Jeremy Bentham are seen by academic Duncan Kerly to have had much to do with the criticism, and the growing wealth of the country and increasing international trade meant it was crucial that there be a functioning court system for matters of equity.
Bentham had been in China in 1782, and he acknowledged that he had got the idea of watertight compartments by looking at Chinese junks there.
Bentham asserted that in the King's Bench, Blackstone was " always in hot water ", and that there was " heartburning " between the two ; Bentham's account is considered dubious because historically, Mansfield and Blackstone had an excellent relationship, with the third volume of the Commentaries describing Mansfield as " a judge, whose masterly acquaintance with the law of nations was known and revered by every state in Europe ".
At the age of 14, Bentham was apprenticed to a shipwright at Woolwich Dockyard, serving there for 7 years.
In 1805 Bentham returned to Russia, this time on government business, and remained there for two years with his family, chartering an entire ship to take his establishment, his servants, and his companions.
The Arsenal was a renowned centre of excellence in mechanical engineering, with notable engineers including Samuel Bentham, Marc Isambard Brunel and Henry Maudslay employed there.

Bentham and is
It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.
Hedonism, for example, teaches that this feeling is pleasure — either one's own, as in egoism ( the 17th-century English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ), or everyone's, as in universalistic hedonism, or utilitarianism ( the 19th-century English philosophers Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick ), with its formula of the " greatest pleasure of the greatest number.
Jeremy Bentham, who is regarded as the founder of utilitarianism, argues that animals can experience pleasure and pain, thus demanding that ' non-human animals ' should be a serious object of moral concern.
In A Fragment on Government Bentham says ‘ it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong ’ and describes this as a fundamental axiom.
His statement of the Ethic of Reciprocity as the foundation of ethics is the earliest in Ancient Greece, and he differs from the formulation of utilitarianism by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill by emphasizing the minimization of harm to oneself and others as the way to maximize happiness.
Historically, utilitarian thinking about law is associated with the great philosopher, Jeremy Bentham.
Moralists Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant both indicated the is – ought problem in order to identify their theories of morality and law.
Bentham, in discussing the relations of law and morality, found that when people discuss problems and issues they talk about how they wish it would be as opposed to how it actually is.
Historically, utilitarian thinking about law is associated with the great philosopher, Jeremy Bentham.
In A Fragment on Government Bentham says ‘ it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong ’ and describes this as a fundamental axiom.
It is possible that Bentham was spurred on to publish after he saw the success of Paley ’ s The Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy.
Rosen warns that descriptions of utilitarianism can bear little resemblance historically to utilitarians like Bentham and J. S. Mill ” and can be more a crude version of act utilitarianism conceived in the twentieth century as a straw man to be attacked and rejected .” It is a mistake to think that Bentham is not concerned with rules.
His seminal work is concerned with the principles of legislation and the hedonic calculus is introduced with the words Pleasures then, and the avoidance of pains, are the ends that the legislator has in view .” In Chapter VII Bentham says, The business of government is to promote the happiness of the society, by punishing and rewarding … In proportion as an act tends to disturb that happiness, in proportion as the tendency of it is pernicious, will be the demand it creates for punishment .”

Bentham and nothing
The Empiricists assert that the words good and evil are nothing other than pleasure and pain ( See Locke, Bentham, Hume, Spinoza, etc ...), to assert negatively that Kant would encourage an action that would lead to a greater amount of pain would be absurd, as this would be going against nature itself.
It is interesting to notice that in it Bentham adopted the principle from which he never deviated, of citing nothing at second-hand.

Bentham and about
Similarly, Hare refers to the crude caricature of act utilitarianism which is the only version of it that many philosophers seem to be acquainted with .” Given what Bentham says about second order evils it would be a serious misrepresentation to say that he and similar act utilitarians would be prepared to punish an innocent person for the greater good.
From the beginning utilitarianism has recognized that certainty in such matters is unobtainable and both Bentham and Mill said that it was necessary to rely on the tendencies of actions to bring about consequences.
Bentham writes about this principle as it manifests itself within the legislation of a society.
Extensive collection of links to writings by and about Bentham
An intensely private person, he was upset at having been involuntarily " outed " as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, speaking openly about being gay in interviews and his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously.
Bentham remained bitter about the rejection of the Panopticon scheme throughout his later life, convinced that it had been thwarted by the King and an aristocratic elite.
For example, Adam Smith wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which proposed psychological explanations of individual behavior, including concerns about fairness and justice, and Jeremy Bentham wrote extensively on the psychological underpinnings of utility.
In England, Bentham spent most of his time writing about naval matters, and conducting experiments on hull shapes.

Bentham and method
In Chapter IV Bentham introduces a method of calculating the value of pleasures and pains, which has come to be known as the hedonic calculus.
Propinquity is also one of the factors, set out by Jeremy Bentham, used to measure the amount of ( utilitarian ) pleasure in a method known as felicific calculus.
Hart's method combined the careful analysis of twentieth-century analytic philosophy with the jurisprudential tradition of Jeremy Bentham, the great English legal, political, and moral philosopher.

Bentham and for
England contributed a young subaltern named Newton and the naval architect Samuel Bentham, brother to the economist, who for his colonel's commission was proving a godsend to the Russian fleet.
Jeremy Bentham, best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism
Social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument for homosexual law reform in England around 1785, at a time when the legal penalty for buggery was death by hanging.
The emerging currents of secular humanist thought which had inspired Bentham also informed the French Revolution, and when the newly-formed National Constituent Assembly began drafting the policies and laws of the new republic in 1792, groups of militant ' sodomite-citizens ' in Paris petitioned the Assemblée nationale, the governing body of the French Revolution, for freedom and recognition.
Bentham was an early and staunch supporter of the utilitarian concept ( along with Hume ), an avid prison reformer, advocate for democracy, and strongly atheist.
Earlier names for this order include the Coronarieae of the Bentham & Hooker system.
* John Stuart Mill: A utilitarian, and the person who named the system ; he goes further than Bentham by laying the foundation for liberal democratic thought in general and modern, as opposed to classical, liberalism in particular.
Second, he says that Bentham fails to take account of the changing character of people, and hence the changing character of what is good for them.
The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by Jeremy Bentham in 1817 when he published his Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism and was taken up by William Thompson in 1825, when he published, with Anna Wheeler, An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on Government.
Bentham became convinced that his plans for the Panopticon had been thwarted by the King and an aristocratic elite acting in their own interests.
In 1823, he co-founded the Westminster Review with James Mill as a journal for the " Philosophical Radicals " a group of younger disciples through whom Bentham exerted considerable influence in British public life.
According to Kelly, for Bentham the law " provides the basic framework of social interaction by delimiting spheres of personal inviolability within which individuals can form and pursue their own conceptions of well-being.
Bentham follows these statements with explanations on how antiquity, religion, reproach of innovation, metaphor, fiction, fancy, antipathy and sympathy, begging the question, and imaginary law are not justification for the creation of legislature.
Instead, Bentham is calling upon legislators to measure the pleasures and pains associated with any legislation and to form laws in order to create the greatest good for the greatest number.
Bentham spoke for a complete equality between sexes.
" The essay chastises the society of the time for making a disproportionate response to what Bentham appears to consider a largely private offence – public displays or forced acts being dealt with rightly by other laws.
Transcribe Bentham is an award-winning crowdsourced manuscript transcription project, run by University College London's Bentham Project, in partnership with UCL's UCL Centre for Digital Humanities, UCL Library Services, UCL Learning and Media Services, the University of London Computer Centre, and the online community.
Volunteer-produced transcripts will contribute to the Bentham Project's production of the new edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, and will be uploaded to UCL's digital Bentham Papers repository, widening access to the collection for all and ensuring its long-term preservation.

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