However, on the one occasion that Sergius agreed to crown Berengar in around 906, Berengar was prevented from reaching Rome by the forces of Alberic I of Spoleto and Adalbert II of Tuscany, both of whom had been supporters of Sergius, but were unhappy with his decision to support Berengar.

Amid this chorus of praise, a discordant voice began to be heard ; it was asserted that Berengar held heretical views on the Eucharist.

Probably in the early part of 1050, Berengar addressed a letter to Lanfranc, then prior of Bec Abbey in Normandy, in which he expressed his regret that Lanfranc adhered to the eucharistic teaching of Paschasius and considered the treatise of Ratramnus on the subject ( which Berengar supposed to have been written by Johannes Scotus Eriugena ) to be heretical.

Berengar of Tours died on the island of St. Cosme, near that city, in 1088.

In this he was successful at the same council which witnessed his third victory over Berengar ( 1059 ), and he thus acquired a lasting claim on William's gratitude.

After Hugh died in 947, leaving his son and co-ruler Lothair on the throne as King of Italy, Liutprand became confidential secretary to the actual ruler of Italy, Berengar II, marchese d ' Ivrea, for whom he became chancellor and by whom he was sent on an embassy ( 949 ) to the Byzantine court of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus.

In the summer of that year, having given up on his son's succession, Charles received Odo and Berengar, Margrave of Friuli, a relative of his, at his court.

Berengar met Sancho in Zaragoza and in Navarre many times to confer on a mutual policy against the counts of Toulouse.

Lord Twining cites a hypothesis by Reinhold N. Elze that Gisela, the daughter of the Emperor Louis the Pious and married to Duke Eberhard of Friuli, may have originally possessed the crown and left it to her son Berengar I on her death in 874.

In 900, Louis, as the grandson and heir of the Emperor Louis II, was invited into Italy by various lords, including Adalbert II of Tuscany, who were suffering under the ravages of the Magyars and the incompetent rule of Berengar I. Louis thus marched his army across the Alps and defeated Berengar, chasing him from Pavia, the old Lombard capital, where, in the church of San Michele, he was crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy on 12 October, 900.

Berengar died unexpectedly on the way and, freed of obstacles, the Emperor gave Septimania and its counties and that of Toulouse to Bernard.

In June 835, Bernard and Berengar were summoned to an Assembly at Crémieu, near Lyon, where a decision would be made about the distribution of lands in Septimania and Gothia, but on the way Berengar died unexpectedly.

Following his ascent to the throne in 912, Rudolph was asked by several Italian nobles to intervene in Italy on their behalf against Emperor Berengar in 922.

In 884 – 885, Berengar intervened with the emperor on behalf of Haimo, Bishop of Belluno.

Berengar and Liutward had a feud that year, which involved his attack on Vercelli and plundering of the bishop's goods.

Berengar was not the undisputed leading magnate in Italy at the time, but he may have made an agreement with his former rival, Guy of Spoleto, whereby Guy would have West Francia and he Italy on the emperor's death.

Berengar advanced on Pavia, but was defeated by Lambert at Borgo San Donnino and taken prisoner.

When he broke this oath by invading the peninsula again in 905, Berengar defeated him at Verona, captured him, and ordered him to be blinded on 21 July.

After Otto left Rome and reconquered the Papal States from Berengar, however, John became fearful of the emperor's power and sent envoys to the Magyars and the Byzantine Empire to form a league against Otto.

Arnulf left Italy in the charge of his young son Ratold, who soon crossed Lake Como to Germany, leaving Italy in the control of Berengar, who made a pact with Lambert, Guy's son and successor.

* 915 – Pope John X crowned Berengar I of Italy as Roman Emperor.

Nevertheless, Berengar ’ s unwillingness to control his vassals also contributed to the papal reluctance ; when Albuinus, the Margrave of Istria began taking papal territory off John, the Archbishop of Ravenna in 907, Sergius had written to Albuinus asking for him to desist.

Berengar occupied himself with the study of the Gospel of John, with a view to confirming his views.

Berengar was the only major benefactor of the church at Monza at this time and also gave the Cathedral of St. John in Monza a cross made in the same style as the Iron Crown, which is still preserved in the church's treasury.

In order to protect himself against the intrigues in Rome and the power of Berengar II of Italy, John made a deal with Otto I, king of the Germans.

During his eight years as archbishop, John worked hard with Pope Sergius in an unsuccessful attempt to have Berengar of Friuli crowned Holy Roman Emperor and to depose Louis the Blind.

John took his advice and sent Papal legates to King Berengar of Italy, various Italian princes, as well as to Constantinople, seeking help to throw out the Saracens.

Meanwhile, Berengar brought with him troops from the northern parts of Italy, and the campaign was coordinated by John X, who took to the field in person, alongside Duke Alberic I of Spoleto.

John X used this as a lever to push Berengar into supporting and providing troops to John ’ s great Saracen campaign.

Having completed his end of the bargain, Berengar now insisted that John do likewise.

So in December 915, Berengar approached Rome, and after being greeted by the family of Theophylact ( whose support he secured ), he met Pope John at St. Peter ’ s Basilica.

On Sunday 3 December, John crowned Berengar as Roman Emperor, while Berengar in turn confirmed previous donations made to the See of Peter by earlier emperors.

* Margaret ( 1289 – 1309, Paris ), married firstly in 1305 Raymond Berengar of Andria and secondly in 1308 John I, Marquis of Namur

* Margaret ( 1289 – 1309, Paris ), married firstly in 1305 Raymond Berengar of Andria and secondly in 1308 John I, Marquis of Namur

Theophylact worked closely with the able John X, who supported Theophylact ’ s overall objectives with regards to strengthening the imperial presence in Italy by supporting Emperor Berengar I of Italy.

In January 915, Pope John X tried to forge an alliance between Berengar and the local Italian rulers in hopes that he could face the Saracen threat in southern Italy.

Berengar was unable to send troops, but after the great Battle of the Garigliano, a victory over the Saracens, John crowned Berengar as Emperor in Rome ( December ).

Berengar had been crowned king in 887, but Guy was in his turn crowned in 889.

* October 12 – following Magyars raids in Lombardia, Louis the Blind, king of Provence, is called into the peninsula by the grandees, takes Pavia, forces Berengar of Friuli to flee, and replaces him as crowned king of Italy.

After Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924.

* Berengar I of Italy is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

Berengar ( crowned emperor with the Iron Crown of Lombardy ) located the Imperial Headquarters in Monza and the city government issued several decrees to the empire itself.

Guy sought the kingship in Italy after his failures in Francia, though there Berengar had already been crowned.

The falling out between Berengar and Arnulf, who was crowned Emperor in Rome by Pope Formosus, has been likened to that between Berengar II and Otto I more than half a century later.

In 900, Louis marched into Italy and defeated Berengar ; the following year he was crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict IV.

After Otto had finally deposed King Berengar II of Italy and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 962, a similar office was created for the Imperial Kingdom of Italy.

Although Berengar had the advantage of being allied with the Carolingian family, and of having been crowned as king of Italy in 887, from 888 Guy was closer to Rome, and had already allied himself with Pope Stephen V, who had described Guy “ as his only son ”.