The emblem of the House of Ascania, red eagle and bear, became the heraldic emblems of Berlin.

Conservation, as a distinct field of study, initially developed in Germany, when in 1888 Friedrich Rathgen became the first chemist to be employed by a Museum, the Koniglichen Museen, Berlin ( Royal Museums of Berlin ).

For example, he once missed first prize in a tournament in Berlin by losing to Sämisch, and when it became clear he was going to lose the game, Nimzowitsch stood up on the table and shouted, " Gegen diesen Idioten muss ich verlieren!

After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin — the capital of East Germany — and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall ( 1961 – 1989 ).

In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city.

With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king ( in Königsberg ), Berlin became the new capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( instead of Königsberg ); this was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread Prussian Kingdom, and it was the first time the city began to grow.

Under the rule of Frederick II Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment.

The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century ; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main rail hub and economic center of Germany.

In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire.

During the Weimar era, Berlin became internationally renowned as a center of cultural transformation, at the heart of the Roaring Twenties.

On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became the official German capital.

Each borough contains a number of localities ( Ortsteile ), which often have historic roots in older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920 and became urbanized and incorporated into the city.

His father, David Ancillon ( 1617 – 1692 ), was obliged to leave France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and became pastor of the French Protestant community in Berlin.

In 1905 he became professor at the School of Oriental Studies in Berlin.

Visiting galleries in Geneva and the Brücke Museum in Berlin, Bowie became, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, " a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art.

The American, British and French sectors became West Berlin, a part strongly associated with West Germany but a free city.

This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by Wilhelm Dilthey ; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey.

Air Berlin became second largest airline in recent years by absorbing LTU and dba.

He became a professor of the new university at Berlin founded in 1809.

Kronecker, who headed mathematics at Berlin until his death in 1891, became increasingly uncomfortable with the prospect of having Cantor as a colleague, perceiving him as a " corrupter of youth " for teaching his ideas to a younger generation of mathematicians.

Then they moved offices of the East German puppet government into East Berlin and began illegally to treat it as the capital of East Germany.

The British and other replies to that Moscow note pointed out efforts of the Communist authorities `` to integrate East Berlin into East Germany by isolating it from the outside and attempting to make it the capital of East Germany ''.

Even though Berlin replaced Bonn as the capital of united Germany in 1990, Bonn stays a centre of politics and administration.

German reunification in 1990 made Berlin the nominal capital of Germany again.

While some argued for the seat of government to move to Berlin, others advocated leaving it in Bonn — a situation roughly analogous to that of the Netherlands, where Amsterdam is the capital but The Hague is the seat of government.

Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany.

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 – 1918 ), the German Empire ( 1871 – 1918 ), the Weimar Republic ( 1919 – 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 – 1945 ).

His successor, Frederick II Irontooth, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the Hohenzollern family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as German emperors.

West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory and East Germany proclaimed East Berlin ( described as " Berlin ") as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers.

In June 1991, the German Parliament, the Bundestag, voted to move the seat of the ( West ) German capital back from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999.

Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.

Brandenburg surrounds but does not include the national capital and city-state Berlin.

They were nicknamed Hundemarken ( the German equivalent of " dog tags ") and compared to a similar identification system instituted for dogs in the Prussian capital city of Berlin at about the same time.

That this and the closing of the East Berlin-West Berlin border have not been accepted by the Western governments appears in notes which Britain, France, and the United States sent to Moscow after the latter's gratuitous protest over a visit of Chancellor Adenauer and other West German officials to West Berlin.

Remembering the step-by-step fate of Danzig and the West German misgivings about `` salami '' tactics, it is to be hoped that the dispatch of General Clay to West Berlin as President Kennedy's representative will mark a stiffening of response not only to future indignities and aggressions but also to some that have passed.

East Berlin ( Communist ) radio in German to Germany:

The weekly loss is partly counterbalanced by 500 arrivals each week from West Germany, but the hard truth, says Crossman, is that `` The closing off of East Berlin without interference from the West and with the use only of East German, as distinct from Russian, troops was a major Communist victory, which dealt West Berlin a deadly, possibly a fatal, blow.

They are leaving so fast that the president of the West German Employers' Federation issued an appeal this week to factory workers in the West to volunteer for six months' front-line work in factories in West Berlin.

Khrushchev, for all his bombastic prophecies about the inevitable decay of capitalism, is genuinely favorable to `` peaceful coexistence '' and would like, above all, the Berlin and German problems to be settled peacefully ; ;

In Berlin he published his views of the chemical laws of nature in German and this was issued in French translation ( Paris, 1813 ) under the title Recherches Sur l'identite Des Forces chimiques et electriques, a work held in very high esteem by the new generation of research chemists.

* Documents of the Arian Controversy ( 2007, German and original languages only, Berlin and New York: Walter De Gruyter, 2007 )

* 1945 – The Red Army begins the final assault on German forces around Berlin, with nearly one million troops fighting in the Battle of the Seelow Heights.

* 1972 – An East German Ilyushin Il-62 crashes during takeoff from East Berlin, killing 156.

* 1962 – East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin becoming one of the first victims of the wall.

* 1997 – Egon Krenz, the former East German leader, is convicted of a shoot-to-kill policy at the Berlin Wall.

Alexander Grothendieck was born in Berlin to anarchist parents: a Ukrainian father from an ultimately Hassidic family, Alexander " Sascha " Shapiro aka Tanaroff, and a mother from a German Protestant family, Johanna " Hanka " Grothendieck ; both of his parents had broken away from their early backgrounds in their teens.

* 1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin, the first German parliamentary body to meet there since the Reichstag was dissolved in 1945.

* 1945 – World War II: Soviet Union forces south of Berlin at Zossen attack the German High Command headquarters.