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" Biruni argued that Hinduism was a monotheistic faith like Islam, and in order to justify this assertion, he quotes Hindu texts and argues that the worship of idols is " exclusively a characteristic of the common people, with which the educated have nothing to do.
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Biruni and argued
Biruni argued that the worship of idols " is due to a kind of confusion or corruption.
" Biruni argued that " the Hindus, no less than the Greeks, have philosophers who are believers in monotheism.
Biruni and Hinduism
In the introduction to his Indica, Biruni himself writes that his intent behind the work was to engage dialogue between Islam and the Indian religions, particularly Hinduism as well as Buddhism.
Biruni and was
The notion of artificial selection was later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century.
Biruni was concerned with how to conceptualize and prevent both systematic errors and random errors, such as " errors caused by the use of small instruments and errors made by human observers.
Biruni, a native speaker of Chorasmian ( an Iranian language ), says that the land belonging to Afrasiab was first colonised 980 years before Alexander the Great, sc.
Arab and Persian travellers, specifically Abu-Rayhan Biruni in his book ' Tahqiq ma lil-Hind ', had declared that even before the advent of Islam in Sindh ( 711 A. D .), the language was prevalent in the region.
Biruni has described many Sindhi words leading to the conclusion that the Sindhi language was widely spoken and rich in vocabulary in his time.
In regard to this method Abu Rayhan Biruni states: " this was the method used in Hearth ".
From the writings of the great Khwarezmian scholars, Biruni and Zamakhshari, we know that the language was in use at least until the 13th century, when it was gradually replaced by Persian for the most part, as well as several dialects of Turkic.
Al Biruni ( 973 – 1048 ), an 11th-century mathematician, astronomer and scholar, who was the greatest proponent of this system of prediction, listed a total of 97 Arabic Parts, which were widely used for astrological consultations.
" Biruni compared Islam with pre-Islamic religions, and was willing to accept certain elements of pre-Islamic wisdom which would conform with his understanding of the Islamic spirit.
Biruni was aware that statements about a religion would be open to criticism by its adherents, and insisted that a scholar should follow the requirements of a strictly scientific method.
Scholarly consensus holds that the text was completed no later than around 1000 CE, when it is mentioned by al Biruni and quoted by Abhinavagupta ; the earliest suggestions of it are the composition of the Vishnu Purana and Harivamsa, and the Vaishnava Bhakti movement in South India, which limit its composition to after 500 CE.
Alberuni ( Abu Rayhan Biruni ) refers to this castle Lohar Kot-as Loha Kot, and Mahmud Ghazni ’ s attack on Loha Kot was a dismal failure.
Perhaps among the more interesting things from this era is that we know that Abu Rayhan Biruni, the great scientist of the Middle Ages, was supported by Qabus, the ruler of the Ziyarid state, in 1000 in Gorgan.
Biruni wrote that Sijzi believed in a heliocentric system in which the Earth was moving and that he invented an astrolabe called the " Zuraqi " based on this idea:
Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Persian historian Biruni ( 973 – 1048 ).
It was first described in detail circa 1030 by Biruni in his India book.
Biruni and Islam
It is surmised from the writings of Al Biruni that some Afghans who lived in west of India ( modern-day Afghanistan ) had not been completely converted to Islam.
The Iranian Chorasmian language survived for several centuries after Islam until the Turkification of the region, and so must some at least of the culture and lore of ancient Khwarezm, for it is hard to see the commanding figure of Biruni, a repository of so much knowledge, appearing in a cultural vacuum.
Biruni and order
During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure, in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced.
Biruni and texts
According to Islamic texts such as al-Tarsusi and Abu Rayhan Biruni, three methods are described for indirect production of steel.
Other than the astronomical terms used by Biruni, our other sources of Khwarezmian include Zamakhshari's Arabic-Persian-Khwarezmian dictionary and several legal texts that use Khwarezmian terms to explain certain legal concepts.
Biruni and is
It is surmised from the writings of Al Biruni that some Pashtuns living in Pakhtunkhwa ( present-day western Pakistan ) had not been completely converted.
This is due to Biruni describing the idea of artificial selection and then applying it to nature:
Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b. 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own.
Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is " too brief to enable us to say with certainty " that it refers to a water-powered paper mill.
According to William Montgomery Watt, Biruni " is admirably objective and unprejudiced in his presentation of facts " but " selects facts in such a way that he makes a strong case for holding that there is a certain unity in the religious experience of the peoples he considers, even though he does not appear to formulate this view explicitly.
" According to Watt, Biruni " goes on to maintain that in the course of generations the origin of the veneration of the images is forgotten, and further that the ancient legislators, seeing that the Veneration of images is advantageous, made it obligatory for the ordinary.
Khorezm is a place where many famous scholars were born, such as Abu Rayhan Biruni and al-Khwārizmī.
In fluid statics, Biruni discovered that there is a correlation between the specific gravity of an object and the volume of water it displaces.
Biruni and people
Abu Rayhan Biruni calls the people of Khwarizm " a branch of the Persian tree ".
Biruni and with
The medieval Islamic historian Abu Rayhan Biruni ( c. 973-1050 ) provides us with the earliest reference of the production of Damascus steel.
In medieval India, a foreign visitor Al Biruni ( died 1048 ) noted that foreigners were regarded as ' unclean ' or ' Mleccha ' and Hindus were forbidden any social or matrimonial contact with them.
Along with his Researches on India, Biruni discussed more on his idea of history in his chronological work The Chronology of the Ancient Nations.
As Biruni also does for the other festival days he mentions, he reiterates a local anecdotal association for his description of Mehrgan ( ha al-mirjan in the author's Arabic parlance ) with a fragment of a tale from Iranian folklore: On this day, Fereydun vanquished the evil Dahak and confined him to Mount Damavand.
The association of Mehrgan with the polarity of spring / autumn, sowing / harvest and the birth / rebirth cycle did not escape Biruni either, for as he noted, " they consider Mihragān as a sign of resurrection and the end of the world, because at Mihragān that which grows reaches perfection.
Biruni and which
Books on the subject included the Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir ( Book of Precious Stones ) by Muslim scientist Al Biruni.
Iranian ) dynasty which ruled over the kingdom of Khwarezm ( according to Biruni ) from 305 until 995 A. D.
Biruni and .
Al Biruni, writing in Tarikh al Hind, also alludes to the Pashtun tribes of Pakhtunkhwa as Hindus.
According to A. Zahoor, in the 11th century, the Persian polymath scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni described the Milky Way galaxy as a multitude of fragments having the properties of nebulous stars, and also gave the latitudes of various stars during a lunar eclipse in 1019.
* 1000-Volvelle, an early paper analog computer, invented by Arabic physicians and improved by Abu Rayhan Biruni for use in astronomy.
In Chapter 47 of his India, entitled " On Vasudeva and the Wars of the Bharata ," Abu Rayhan Biruni attempted to give a naturalistic explanation as to why the struggles described in the Mahabharata " had to take place.
Abu Rayhan Biruni ( d. 1048 ) also introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places.
Other than the astronomical terms used by the native Iranian Chorasmian speaker Biruni ,< ref name =" BosworthEncIslam "> Bosworth, C. E.
When speaking of the pre-Islamic " Khosrau of Khwarezm " ( خسرو خوارزم ), or post-Islamic " Amir of Khwarezm " ( امیر خوارزم ), or even the Khwarezmid Empire, sources such as Biruni and Ibn Khordadbeh and others clearly refer to Khwarezm as being part of the Iranian ( Persian ) empire.
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