In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's restructuring of the army, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the restructuring of the European balance of power.

Bismarck's schemes to dominate the emperor and hold onto his own power failed, and he was forced to resign in March 1890.

On 30 September 1862, Bismarck made a speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies, which included Bismarck's emphasis on using " iron and blood "— that is, military power — to achieve his goals.

Bismarck's successors as Chancellor were much less influential, as power was concentrated in the Emperor's hands.

Bismarck's attempts to restrict the power of the Catholic Church, represented in politics by the Catholic Centre Party, were not entirely successful.

* Ronald J. Ross, The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871-1887, ( Washington, D. C., 1998 )

" Bismarck's words, " iron and blood " ( or " blood and iron ", as often attributed ), have been variously misquoted or misappropriated as evidence of German lust for blood and power.

Through a combination of Bismarck's diplomacy and political leadership, von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's military strategy, Prussia demonstrated that none of the European signatories of the 1815 peace treaty could uphold Austrian power in the central European sphere of influence and thus achieved hegemony in Germany, ending dualism.

Wehler has been especially critical of what calls Otto von Bismarck's strategy of “ negative integration ” by which Bismarck sought to create a sense of Deutschtum ( Germanism ) and consolidate his power by subjecting various minority groups such as Roman Catholics, Alsatians, Poles, and Social Democrats to discriminatory laws.

Germany followed Otto von Bismarck's policies based on Friedrich List's " National System ", and American economic practices — allowing both powers to continue their dominance in world economics and power.

According to William Harbutt Dawson, despite being labeled " socialist " by his opponents, Otto Von Bismarck's social legislation differed from socialism by seeking to preserve the existing state and existing economic order, in contrast to socialists, who sought to subvert the power of the existing state in Germany.

France, the main exception, was devastated by Bismarck's wars and his harsh subsequent policies towards it ; France became one of Germany's most bitter enemies in Europe.

The Kaiser opposed Bismarck's careful foreign policy and wanted Germany to pursue colonialist policies, as Britain and France had been doing for decades, as well as build a navy that could match the British.

In 1866, however, the last Elector of Hesse was dethroned under Otto von Bismarck's plan for German Unification.

However, the Reinsurance Treaty failed to be renewed by Wilhelm II in 1890 after Bismarck's departure from office, thus creating a critical problem for Germany in the event of a war.

Bismarck, forced for the first time into a situation he could not use to his advantage, wrote a blistering letter of resignation, decrying Wilhelm's interference in foreign and domestic policy, which was published only after Bismarck's death.

Based on Bismarck's message, the Reichstag filed three bills designed to deal with the concept of Accident insurance, and one for Health Insurance.

On Bismarck's death in 1898, his dukedom ( held only for his own lifetime ) was extinguished and the princely title passed to his eldest son, Herbert.

Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace caused a dramatic shift in that sentiment in Italy, which was best exemplified by the reaction of Garibaldi soon after the revolution in Paris, who told the Movimento of Genoa on 7 September 1870 that " Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte.

Local resistance to a total acceptance of French law arose because some of Bismarck's reforms included strong protections for civil and social rights.

* Germany's First Bid for Colonies 1884 – 1885: a Move in Bismarck's European Policy, 1938.

Bismarck's biographer A. J. P. Taylor said: " It would be unfair to say that Bismarck took up social welfare solely to weaken the Social Democrats ; he had had it in mind for a long time, and believed in it deeply.

To characterize Bismarck's politics toward the Catholic Church, the pathologist and member of the parliament of the German Progress Party ( Progressive Liberals ) Rudolf Virchow used the term Kulturkampf for the first time on January 17, 1873 in the Prussian house of representatives.

The general ideological enthusiasm among the liberals for the Kulturkampf was in contrast to Bismarck's pragmatic attitude towards the measures and growing disquiet from the Conservatives.

On the subject of Pat Buchanan's famously combative Culture War Speech at the 1992 Republican Convention, which attracted controversy over Buchanan's aggressive rhetoric against Bill Clinton, liberals, supporters of reproductive and gay rights, and for his comparison of American politics to religious warfare, Ivins famously quipped that the speech had " probably sounded better in the original German ," noting the similarity between the concept of " culture war " and the Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck's Germany.

Bletchley had contributed to Bismarck's destruction by discovering, through wireless-traffic analysis, that the German flagship was sailing for Brest, France, rather than Wilhelmshaven, from which she had set out.

at Breslau in 1865 and work on the staff of Bismarck's private organ the Allgemeine Zeitung in addition to writing two chess books and working as the editor of a chess magazine for several years.

In 1884 he returned to New Guinea as Bismarck's Imperial Commissioner and negotiated for the north-eastern portion of that island, together with New Britain and New Ireland, to become a German protectorate.

A majority of Bismarck's citizens turned out to welcome the Nez Perce prisoners, providing a lavish buffet for them and their troop escort.

If the skill and pertinacity with which Holstein carried through his plans in these matters was learned in the school of Bismarck, he had not acquired Bismarck's faculty for foreseeing their ultimate consequences.

The rise of Bismarck's new Germany made this reactionary policy too dangerous for a great empire to risk.

However, Bismarck's nomenclature implied that Germany had swapped an African empire for tiny Heligoland (" trousers for a button ").

Instead, this new group of historians claims 1848 marked specific achievements by the liberal politicians ; many of their ideas and programs later were incorporated into Bismarck's social programs ( for example, social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage ).

Ever the pragmatist, Bismarck understood the possibilities, obstacles, and advantages of a unified state, and the importance of linking that state to the Hohenzollern dynasty, and the latter remains, for some historians, one of Bismarck's primary contributions to the creation of the empire in 1871.

Despite Bismarck's attempts to play the role of an " honest broker " at the Congress of Berlin, Russo-German relations deteriorated following the conference.

Bismarck's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and basically aimed at security and preventing the dreaded scenario of a Franco-Russian alliance, which would trap Germany between the two in a war.

An article drafted by Austria, intended to safeguard the settlement of 1852, was replaced at Bismarck's instance by another which stated that the two powers would decide only in concert on the relations of the duchies, and that they would in no case determine the question of the succession save by mutual consent ; and Bismarck issued an ultimatum to Denmark demanding that the November Constitution should be abolished within 48 hours.

* Bismarck ’ s Domestic Polices 1871-1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin

He had arranged to be buried near Bismarck's mausoleum on his estate at Friedrichsruh, Lauenburg in present-day Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany.

" The General Staff knew of few of Bismarck's schemes and Waldersee's outlook was on occasion at odds with foreign policy positions held by the chancellor.

Damage during its battle with HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales caused flooding that put Bismarck's bow barely above the sea and oil slicks caused by hits from HMS Prince of Wales were apparent ; in the film, Bismarcks bow remains at the same level.

Simson continued as president of the Reichstag until 1874, when he retired from the chair, and in 1877 resigned his seat in the Diet, but at Otto von Bismarck's urging, accepted the presidency of the supreme court of justice ( Reichsgericht ), and this high office he filled with great distinction until his final retirement from public life in 1891.

Augusta was particularly horrified at Bismarck's foreign policy and his cause in the commencement of the Austro-Prussian War.

The change of policy in 1879 led to a great alteration in his position: he was reconciled to Bismarck and even sometimes attended receptions at Bismarck's house.

In 1875 he was appointed Prussian plenipotentiary in the Bundesrat ; in 1877 he became Bismarck's lieutenant in the secretaryship for foreign affairs of the Empire ; and in 1878 he was, with Bismarck and Hohenlohe, Prussian plenipotentiary at the congress of Berlin.

From that time and for many years, he was the inseparable companion and confidant of the chancellor, taking daily notes of his sayings and doings, and earning for himself the title of “ Bismarck's Boswell .” He was at the chancellor's side during the whole of the campaign of 1870 – 71.

He was one of the most trusted advisers of the Prussian crown prince, Frederick William ( afterwards the emperor Frederick ), and it was he ( it is said, at Bismarck's suggestion ) who drew up the draft of the New German federal constitution, which was submitted to the, crown prince's headquarters at Versailles during the Franco-Prussian War.

This memorandum gave umbrage, and on the publication by Geffcken in the Deutsche Rundschau ( Oct. 1888 ) of extracts from the emperor Frederick's private diary during the Franco-Prussian war, he was, at Bismarck's instance, prosecuted for high treason.

Nor was the objectivity of his dispatches compromised by his private belief that Kulturkampf must fail, or by his revulsion at Bismarck's persecution of Roman Catholicism.

The remaining Progressive MPs under Benedict Waldeck principally supported Bismarck's formation of the North German Confederation, directed at the establishment of a Prussian-led German nation state, though they rejected the Imperial Constitution of 1871 as undemocratic.