*" Sea Devils " by J. Valerio Borghese, translated into English by James Cleugh, with introduction by the United States Naval Institute ( ISBN 1-55750-072-X )

Latterly regarded as a political outcast and shunned by his ancestrally blue blood social connections for his " heretical " political extremism and disregard for the external norms of modern aristocratic etiquette and behavior, Junio Valerio Borghese died in strange circumstances in Cadiz in 1974.

The original Fronte Nazionale was founded in September 1968 by Junio Valerio Borghese who was dissatisfied by the political activities of the Italian Social Movement, of which he had held the largely ceremonial post of party President.

The new party aimed to abolish political parties and trade unions and instead to build an Italy based on corporatism, class co-operation and strong government in opposition to what they called " red terror ". The Front drew many of its members from amongst the officer class and veterans thereof, groups with which Borghese was already closely linked, and co-operated closely with the Stefano Delle Chiaie's Avanguardia Nazionale and Pino Rauti's Ordine Nuovo, even sharing members with both groups.

According to the journalist René Monzat, investigations lasted seven years, during which it was alleged that the Golpe Borghese had benefitted from military accomplices, as well as from political support not only from Borghese's National Front or from MSI deputy Sandro Saccucci, but also from other political personalities belonging to the Christian Democracy ( DC ) and to the PSDI ( Italian Social-Democrat Party ).

These fears were not completely unfounded, as there had been two attempted coups in Italy, Piano Solo in 1964 and Golpe Borghese in 1970, by neo-fascist and military groups.

Prince Marcantonio IV Borghese ( 1730 – 1800 ), who began the recasting of the park's formal garden architecture into an English landscape garden, also set out about 1775, under the guidance of the architect Antonio Asprucci, to replace the now-outdated tapestry and leather hangings and renovate the Casina, restaging the Borghese sculptures and antiquities in a thematic new ordering that celebrated the Borghese position in Rome.

At the start of the Second World War, Borghese took command of submarine Vettor Pisani, and in August 1940 was in command of submarine Sciré, which was modified to carry the new secret Italian weapon, the human torpedo.

By the end of the war, it had over 18, 000 members, and Borghese conceived it as a purely military unit.

Villa Borghese: the 19th century " Temple of Aesculapius " built purely as a landscape feature, influenced by the lake at Stourhead, Wiltshire, England.

This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase.

Pausanias, also refers to a statue of Ares by Alcamenes that was erected on the Athenian agora, which some have related to the Ares Borghese.

After the 4th century BC, focus on the human form increased, exemplified by the Borghese Gladiator.

Like many Popes of the time he was also allegedly guilty of nepotism, and his nephew Scipione Borghese wielded enormous power on his behalf, consolidating the rise of the Borghese family.

* The Adoration of the Christ Child ( 1505 ) Oil on wood, Galleria Borghese, Rome

An inscription ( CIL 6. 29789 = ILS 5990 ) also records Messalla as the owner of the famed Gardens of Lucullus ( Horti Luculliani ) located on the Pincian Hill where the Villa Borghese gardens are today.

The largest sculpture in the grounds, technically in two parts, is the 17th-century Borghese Balustrade on the parterre.

In 2004, a colony of small Mediterranean land snails of the species Papillifera bidens was discovered living on the Borghese Balustrade.

The Villa Borghese gardens still cover 17 acres ( 69, 000 m² ) of green on the site, now in the heart of Rome, above the Spanish Steps.

Saint Agatha is often depicted iconographically carrying her excised breasts on a platter, as by Bernardino Luini's Saint Agatha ( 1510 – 15 ) in the Galleria Borghese, Rome, in which Agatha sweetly contemplates the breasts on a standing salver held in her hand.

He clashed with Junio Valerio Borghese and, on April 19, 1945, left for Milano-parting with his collaborators ( including Giorgio Almirante ).

Scipione Borghese, nephew of Pope Paul V, appropriated this sculpture but in return funded the rest of work on the facade and granted the order his architect Giovanni Battista Soria.

The Casina Borghese lies on the outskirts of seventeenth-century Rome.

The main floor is mostly devoted to classical antiquities of the 1st – 3rd centuries AD ( including a famous 320-30 AD mosaic of gladiators found on the Borghese estate at Torrenova, on the Via Casilina outside Rome, in 1834 ), and classical and neo-classical sculpture such as the Venus Victrix.

Junio Valerio Borghese during the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) period-note the gladius on collar insignias, symbol of RSI armed forces

The gardens were developed for the Villa Borghese Pinciana (" Borghese villa on the Pincian Hill "), built by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese, who used it as a villa suburbana, a party villa, at the edge of Rome, and to house his art collection.

The garden Casino Borghese, built on a rise above the Villa by the architect Giovanni Vasanzio, was set up by Camillo Borghese to contain sculptures by Bernini from the Borghese collection, including his David and his Daphne, and by Antonio Canova ( Paolina Borghese ), with paintings by Titian, Raphael and Caravaggio.

These were the Sleeping Ariadne now in the Pitti Palace, but then in Rome, of which Velázquez ordered a cast for the Royal collection in 1650 – 51, and the Borghese Hermaphroditus, a sleeping hermaphrodite ( picture to the right above ), now in the Louvre, of which a cast was sent to Madrid, and which also emphasises the curve from hip to waist.

Other are the Villa Borghese ; the Villa Doria Pamphili ( 1650 ); the Villa Giulia of Pope Julius III ( 1550 ), designed by Vignola.

* The Villa Giulia adjoining the Villa Borghese gardens was built in 1551-1555 as a summer residence for Pope Julius III ; now it contains the Etruscan Museum ( Museo Etrusco ).

Apollo and Daphne by Bernini in the Galleria Borghese.

However, the temple of Ares to which he refers had only been moved from Acharnes and re-sited in the Agora in Augustus's time, and statues known to derive from Alcamenes ' statue show the god in a breastplate, so the identification of Alcamenes ' Ares with the Ares Borghese is not secure.

Propelled by the Borghese and Barberini patronage, Gian Lorenzo Bernini and his studio garnered most of the major Roman sculptural commissions.

The Ares Borghese.

# Maria Paola or Marie Pauline Bonaparte ( 1780 – 1825 ), married in 1797 to French general Charles Leclerc and later married Prince Camillo Borghese.

A statue in the Galleria Borghese depicts Cerberus with three heads sitting by the side of Hades, while a bronze sculpture depicting Heracles ' twelfth labour shows the demi-god leading a two-headed Cerberus from the underworld.

Part of the Gladiator Mosaic, displayed at the Galleria Borghese.

The Gladiator Mosaic in the Galleria Borghese displays several gladiator types, and the Bignor Roman Villa mosaic from Provincial Britain shows Cupids as gladiators.

At an early age, he came to the attention of the papal nephew, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, and in 1621, at the age of only twenty three, he was knighted by Pope Gregory XV.

In the 19th century, the Louvre acquired works including vases from the Durand collection, bronzes such as the Borghese Vase from the Bibliothèque nationale.

Clement was buried in St. Peter's Basilica, and later Pope Paul V ( 1605 – 21 ) had a mausoleum built for him in the Borghese Chapel of Santa Maria Maggiore, where the remains were transferred in 1646.

At the moment of his election, chiefly through the influence of Cardinal Borghese, at his advanced age ( he was 67 ) and with his weak state of health he saw at once that he would need an energetic man, in whom he could place implicit confidence, to assist him in the government of the Church.

In My Own Utopia ( 1961 ) by Elizabeth Mann Borghese, gender exists but is dependent upon age rather than sex — genderless children mature into women, some of whom eventually become men.

* Peking to Paris motor race, won by Prince Scipione Borghese driving a 7 litre 35 / 45 hp Itala.

* Napoleon purchases the Borghese art collection, including the Antinous Mondragone, and brings it to Paris.

* September 1 – Scipione Borghese, Italian art collector ( d. 1633 )

Galleria Borghese, Rome.

In My Own Utopia ( 1961 ) by Elizabeth Mann Borghese, gender exists but is dependent upon age rather than sex — genderless children mature into women, some of whom eventually become men.

Though highly regarded at the time, and much later forcibly removed from Perugia by the Borghese, it stands rather alone in Raphael's work.

: For Napoleon's brother-in-law see Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese.

Pope Paul V ( 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621 ), born Camillo Borghese, was Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.