A thermos of beef tea was the favoured way to fend off the chill of winter matches for generations of British football enthusiasts ; to this day Bovril dissolved in hot water is sold in stadiums all over the United Kingdom.

Beef extract was eventually reintroduced as a key Bovril ingredient in 2006, after the European Commission lifted its ban on the export of Britain's beef products ; it was only at this point that the manufacturer stated explicitly that this had been the main reason for beef's removal.

Nicknamed Chevril ( by replacing the Bov ( ox ) with Chev ( horse ) in the Bovril name ) it was produced by boiling down horse meat or mules to a jelly paste and serving it as a beef tea.

In November 2004, the manufacturers, Unilever, announced that the composition of Bovril was being changed from beef extract to a yeast extract, claiming it was to make the product suitable for vegetarians and vegans ; at that time fear of bovine spongiform encephalopathy ( BSE ) may have been a factor.

It now once again makes Bovril using beef extract and a chicken variety using chicken extract, although the vegetarian formula is still sold in some countries, such as Australia and Hong Kong.

* Unilever explains the reintroduction of beef to Bovril.

Initially, Marmite was popular with vegetarians as a meat-free alternative to beef extract products such as Bovril, which were popular in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Bovril ( United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland ) switched from beef extract to yeast extract for 2005 and most of 2006, but later switched back.

Called " Bovril pemmican " or simply " dog pemmican ", it was a beef product consisting of 2 / 3 protein and 1 / 3 fat, without carbohydrate.

Towards the end of the siege, the garrison and townsfolk were living largely on their remaining draught oxen and horses ( mainly in the form of " chevril ", a meat paste named after the commercial beef extract " Bovril ").

In 1889, the Bovril Company was formed.

Bovril continued to function as a " war food " in World War I and was frequently mentioned in the 1930 account Not So Quiet ... Stepdaughters of War by Helen Zenna Smith ( Evadne Price ).

On the February 20, 2011, episode of Top Gear, James May had Bovril in an urn inside a Claas Dominator combine harvester in Norway, which was converted into a snow plough.

In 1990, Marmite Limited — which had become a subsidiary of Bovril Limited — was bought by CPC International Inc, which changed its name to Best Foods Inc in 1998.

He was the second son of John Lawson Johnston, the founder of Bovril Ltd. the title is held by his grandson, the third Baron, who succeeded his father in 1996.

He was a director of Boots Pure Drug, Bovril and the Equity and Law Life Assurance Society.

* John Lawson Johnston the inventor of Bovril, was born in Roslin in 1839.

Bovril can be made into a drink by diluting with hot water, or less commonly with milk.

Marmite can also be made into a winter drink by adding one teaspoon to a mug of hot water much like Bovril.

They are often sold alongside other types of hot food in football grounds, traditionally accompanied by a drink of Bovril, resulting in the occasional reference to football pies.

One account from the book describes it being prepared for the casualties at Mons where " the orderlies were just beginning to make Bovril for the wounded, when the Germans deliberately shelled the bearers and ambulance wagons as they were bringing the wounded into the hospital.

Expressing its necessity to the British way of life as he knows it, he stated on the program, " We all know that when it's snowing and it's cold you have Bovril.

In addition to ration packs intended for the transcontinental crossing, they took biscuits, Bovril, sugar and dried milk.

By 1888, over 3, 000 British public houses, grocers and chemists were selling Bovril.

An advertising campaign of the early 20th century in Britain depicted the Pope seated on his throne, bearing a mug of Bovril.

Bovril is served at the Groucho Club and is associated with football culture, being commonly drunk on the terraces from thermos flasks in winter.

Bovril is the trademarked name of a thick, salty meat extract, developed in the 1870s by John Lawson Johnston and sold in a distinctive, bulbous jar.

Poster for Bovril, about 1900 V & A Museum no.

Therefore Johnston created a product known as ' Johnston's Fluid Beef ,' later called Bovril, to meet the needs of the French people and Napoleon III.

When John Lawson Johnston died, George Lawson Johnston inherited the Bovril business.

In 1971, Cavenham Foods acquired the Bovril Company but then sold most of its dairies and South American operations to finance further take-overs.

Bovril holds the unusual position of having been advertised with a Pope.

The campaign slogan read: The Two Infallible Powers-The Pope & Bovril.

Bovril is also produced in South Africa by the Bokomo division of Pioneer Foods The product range includes a version with chili.

By changing Bovril to a non-meat base, Unilever hoped to increase sales there, where people enjoy Bovril stirred into porridge.

Advertisement for Bovril at Southsea, ca.

At Scottish football stadiums, containers such as thermos flasks are banned by law, so Bovril is purchased inside the grounds where it is served in polystyrene or plastic cups.

Their food consisted of " rice, biscuits, yams, tinned beef, and tea, with a few cocoanuts for those who may fall sick ".

Other agricultural products in general are rice, corn, tea, pork, poultry, beef, fish, and other fruits and vegetables.

cotton, cashew nuts, sugar cane, tea, cassava ( tapioca ), coconuts, sisal, citrus and tropical fruits ; potatoes, sunflowers, beef, poultry

Patients in the prison hospital were given a daily ration of 1 pint of tea morning and evening, 16oz of bread, 16oz of beef, mutton or fish, 1 pint of broth, 16oz of green vegetables or potato, and 2 pints of beer.

Captain Cook arrived first offering a pipe and tobacco to smoke ( which was dismissed as a ' burning thing .. stuck in his mouth '), then boiling a billy of tea ( which was dismissed as scalding ' dirty water '), next baking flour on the coals ( which was rejected as smelling ' stale ' and thrown away untasted ), finally boiling beef ( which smelled well, and tasted okay, once the salty skin was wiped off ).

Arrowroot is used as an article of diet in the form of biscuits, puddings, jellies, cakes, hot sauces, etc., and also with beef tea, milk or veal broth, and noodles in Korean and Vietnamese cuisine.

They were internationally notable centres of production of oil, coffee, cotton, cashew, coconut, timber, minerals ( like diamonds ), metals ( like iron and aluminium ), banana, citrus, tea, sisal, beer ( Cuca and Laurentina were successful beer brands produced locally ), cement, fish and other sea products, beef and textiles.

Famous products of Murakami are tea ( Murakami is the northernmost tea-growing spot in Japan ), salmon, and Murakami beef.

His increased isolation bred rumours, including one that he was a cannibal or ate only raw meat-when he ate mainly beef tea and nibbled at venison.

The gaucho diet was composed almost entirely of beef while on the range, supplemented by yerba mate, a tea made from the leaves of the yerba tree, a type of holly rich in caffeine and nutrients.

In addition to the usual spoonful of bully beef, we used up some of the remaining water in making some hot porridge and brewed up some tea.

The mock turtle soup has an Alice in Wonderland theme, where a fob watch formed of freeze-dried beef stock covered with gold leaf is dropped into a tea cup and has a beef stock " tea " poured over it that dissolves the gold and the watch.

Queen Victoria even sent shipments of Fortnum and Mason's concentrated beef tea to Florence Nightingale's hospitals during the Crimean War.