"' Orientalism ' and Its Critics ", British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.

Some modern scholars have proposed that British Israelism grew out of earlier schools of thought, in particular various schools of " Phoenicianism " or " Orientalism " that developed from the 18th century.

According to Thomas Trautman's account, " James Mill's highly influential History of British India ( 1817 )-most particularly the long essay ' Of the Hindus ' comprising ten chapters – is the single most important source of British Indophobia and hostility to Orientalism ".

In the wake of 18th century pioneers like Henry Thomas Colebrooke or August Wilhelm Schlegel, Indology as an academic subject emerges in the 19th century, in the context of British India, together with Asian studies in general affected by the romantic Orientalism of the time.

Among his various critiques, he maintains that Said focused his attention on the British and the French in his critique of Orientalism, while, in fact, it was German scholars who made the original contributions.

Accordingly, as the law stood before 1870, every person who by birth or naturalisation satisfied the conditions set forth, though he should be removed in infancy to another country where his family resided, owed an allegiance to the British crown which he could never resign or lose, except by act of parliament or by the recognition of the independence or the cession of the portion of British territory in which he resided.

Persons who from having been born within British territory are British subjects, but who at birth became under the law of any foreign state subjects of such state, and also persons who though born abroad are British subjects by reason of parentage, may by declarations of alienage get rid of British nationality.

The oldest-surviving Anglican church outside of the British Isles ( Britain and Ireland ) is St Peter's Church in St. George's, Bermuda, established in 1612 ( though the actual building had to be rebuilt several times over the following century ).

* 1814 – British troops invade Washington, D. C. and during the Burning of Washington the White House is set ablaze, though not burned to the ground ; as well as several other buildings.

Dr. Alastair Northedge, a British archaeologist who wrote a book about findings in ' Anah, wrote that the minaret is ' commonly attributed to the Uqaylid ( dynasty ) and the 5th / 11th century ( AH / AD ), though ... more probably of the 6th / 12th century.

The house was restored to the U. S. in 1818, though the fur trade would remain under British control until American pioneers following the Oregon Trail began filtering into the port town in the mid-1840s.

Some Protestant charismatic and British New Church Movement churches include " apostles " among the offices that should be evident into modern times in a true church, though they never trace an historical line of succession.

Thomson's model was compared ( though not by Thomson ) to a British dessert called plum pudding, hence the name.

The earliest known owner of the Beowulf manuscript is the 16th-century scholar Laurence Nowell, after whom the manuscript is named, though its official designation is British Library, Cotton Vitellius A. XV because it was one of Robert Bruce Cotton's holdings in the Cotton Library in the middle of the 17th century.

Some saw the 1891 team — the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union — as the English national team, though others referred to it as " the British Isles ".

Whatever its origin, the fire spread rapidly though the ship's rigging, unchecked by the fire pumps aboard which had been smashed by British shot.

The Ministry of Supply selected Avro out of the British manufacturers though it had no previous experience in working on guided weapons other than some private venture work ; Handley Page had suggested a missile but the Elliots gyro based guidance system was inaccurate beyond.

Bodmin Gaol, operational for over 150 years but now a semi-ruin, was built in the late 18th century, and was the first British prison to hold prisoners in separate cells ( though often up to 10 at a time ) rather than communally.

But it is defined as the Sunday following a theoretical Full Moon date falling on or after March 21, and different ( though equivalent ) calculations are specified by the Papal Bull of 1582 and the British Calendar Act of 1751.

Even though cadmium and its compounds may be toxic in certain forms and concentrations, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication to treat " enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains ".

Clipper ships were mostly made in British and American shipyards, though France, the Netherlands and other nations also produced some.

The earlier ships were made from wood, though some were made from iron, just as some British clippers had been made from iron prior to 1859.

Five months after the release of Tommy, The Kinks released another concept album, Arthur ( Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire ) ( September 1969 ), written by Ray Davies ; though considered by some a rock opera, it was originally conceived as the score for a proposed but never realised BBC television drama.

British actor Ian McNeice's interpretation of the Baron in the 2000 Sci-Fi Channel miniseries Frank Herbert's Dune ( and its sequel, 2003's Children of Dune ) is, though dramatic, somewhat lighter and more eloquent in comparison to Lynch's version, and therefore more consistent with the novel.

The words " God save Emperor Francis " were inspired by the British anthem, though not the melody, which is from the ( Croatian ) folk tradition.

Hong Kong follows British practice in calling physicians " Doctor " even though many of them hold only an MBBS qualification.

John Adams asserted in the Continental Congress' Declaration of Rights that the demands of the colonies were in accordance with their charters, the British Constitution and the common law, and Jefferson appealed in the Declaration of Independence `` to the tribunal of the world '' for support of a revolution justified by `` the laws of nature and of nature's God ''.

The headquarters of Morgan was on a farm, said to have been particularly well located so as to prevent the farmers nearby from trading with the British, a practice all too common to those who preferred to sell their produce for British gold rather than the virtually worthless Continental currency.

British common sense is proverbial.

The present attempts of the politicians to contaminate ordinary Britons shows that this British common sense is unwilling to pull somebody else's chestnuts out of the fire by new military adventures ''.

This divergence between American English and British English once caused George Bernard Shaw to say that the United States and United Kingdom are " two countries divided by a common language "; a similar comment is ascribed to Winston Churchill.

English cultural influence ( reinforced at the end of the 19th century and beginnings of the 20th by British contacts with the Far East ) has also made the consumption of tea very common.

British Columbian introduced species include: common dandelion, ring-necked pheasant, Pacific oyster, brown trout, black slug, European Starling, cowbird, knapweed, bullfrog, purple loosestrife, Scotch broom, Himalayan blackberry, European earwig, tent caterpillar, sowbug, gray squirrel, Asian longhorn beetle, English ivy, Fallow Deer, thistle, gorse, Norway rat, crested mynah, and Asian or European gypsy moth.

Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where it is thought they outcompeted cave bears.

The most common type of brick kiln in use there are Bull's Trench Kiln ( BTK ), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century.

The French however failed to achieve British participation in a common intervention to stop the Balkan conflict.

Particularly common law is in England where it originated in the Middle Ages, and in countries that trace their legal heritage to England as former colonies of the British Empire, including India, the United States, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Canada, Malaysia, Ghana, Australia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, Singapore, Ireland, New Zealand, Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Cyprus, Barbados,

British traditions such as the monarchy were rejected by the U. S. Constitution, but many English common law traditions such as habeas corpus, jury trials, and various other civil liberties were adopted in the United States.

British colonists were considered to have brought English common law as well as applicable English statutes with them.

Upon the transfer of the colony to British control, the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which imposed English common law on the colony, under the principle set out in Blackstone relating to captured colonies.

However, in 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which restored the French civil law for matters of private law ( e. g., contracts, property, successions ), while keeping the English common law as the basis for public law in the colony, notably the criminal law.

When the English finally regained control of New Netherland they forced, as a punishment unique in the history of the British Empire, the English common law upon all the colonists, including the Dutch.

Indian Law is largely based on English common law because of the long period of British colonial influence during the period of the British Raj.

When India became part of the British Empire, there was a break in tradition, and Hindu and Islamic law were supplanted by the common law.

This pronunciation is also common in Australian English, but not in General American English or British English.

Hayek saw the British philosophers Bernard Mandeville, David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, Josiah Tucker, Edmund Burke and William Paley as representative of a tradition that articulated beliefs in empiricism, the common law, and in traditions and institutions which had spontaneously evolved but were imperfectly understood.

Plated mail was in common use in India until the Battle of Plassey and the subsequent British conquest of the sub-continent.

An undated painting of the British Water Witch built in 1831 is labeled OPIUM CLIPPER " WATER WITCH " so the term had at least passed into common usage during the time that this ship sailed.