The term has been applied to painters, such as Ilya Repin, and composers, such as Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, whom Hermann Broch refers to as " genialischer kitsch ", or " kitsch of genius ".

The word, kitsch, was popularized in the 1930s by the art theorists Theodor Adorno, Hermann Broch, and Clement Greenberg, who each sought to define avant-garde and kitsch as opposites.

Puppy, a gigantic kitsch sculpture by Jeff Koons displayed at Guggenheim Museum Bilbao | Bilbao Museum has appeal described by Adorno and Broch

While art was creative, Broch held that kitsch depended solely on plundering creative art by adopting formulas that seek to imitate it, limiting itself to conventions and demanding a totalitarianism of those recognizable conventions.

Broch accuses kitsch of not participating in the development of art, having its focus directed at the past, as Greenberg speaks of its concern with previous cultures.

To Broch, kitsch was not the same as bad art ; it formed a system of its own.

Greenberg held similar views to Broch concerning the beauty and truth dichotomy, believing that the avant-garde style arose in order to defend aesthetic standards from the decline of taste involved in consumer society and that kitsch and art were opposites, which he outlined in his essay " Avant-Garde and Kitsch " which appeared in the Partisan Review in 1939.

Broch argued that the genesis of kitsch was in Romanticism, which wasn't kitsch itself, but which opened the door for kitsch taste by emphasizing the need for expressive and evocative art work.

( Includes classic texts of kitsch criticism from authors like Theodor Adorno, Ferdinand Avenarius, Edward Koelwel, Walter Benjamin, Ernst Bloch, Hermann Broch, Richard Egenter, etc.

Both Burroughston Broch and the Broch of Gurness have interesting guard chambers within their thick drystone walls to monitor the single entrance passages.

Charpak and Broch noted that " there is a difference of about twenty-two thousand miles between Earth's location on any specific date in two successive years " and that thus they should not be under the same influence according to astrology.

A few may be earlier, notably the one proposed for Old Scatness Broch in Shetland, where a sheep bone dating to 390 – 200 BC has been reported The other broch claimed to be substantially older than the 1st century BC is Crosskirk in Caithness, but a recent review of the evidence suggests that it cannot plausibly be assigned a date earlier than the 1st centuries BC / AD

In his book review, George Steiner compared Pirsig's writing to Dostoevsky, Broch, Proust, and Bergson, stating that " the assertion itself is valid ... the analogies with Moby-Dick are patent ".

However, this is unlikely, as the word order would probably be " Tay Broch ", rather than " Broch Tay ".

There is another ancient site on the north west edge of the town, at Torwoodlee, an Iron Age hill fort, with a later Broch built in the Western quarter of the hill fort, and overlapping some of the defensive ditches of the original fort.

Burghead ( or The Broch, ) is a small town in Moray, Scotland, about north-west of Elgin.

Burghead is often known as The Broch by locals ; confusingly, Fraserburgh is also known by this name.

The island is known for the Broch of Mousa, an Iron Age round tower, and is designated as a Special Protection Area for storm-petrel breeding colonies.

Mousa Broch is the best preserved Iron Age fortification in the British Isles.

Numerous brochs were erected at that time of which the Broch of Mousa is the finest preserved example of these round towers.

On the western part of Mainland Orkney's north shore there is other evidence of prehistoric man, including the well preserved ruins of the Broch of Gurness.

Secretly, he has been brooding for some time over the fact that he is in love with his best friend, the rather hunky Ulf ( Nicolai Cleve Broch ).

Broch of Mousa is the finest preserved example of a broch or round tower in Shetland, Scotland.

Mousa Broch is well known among birders for its breeding European Storm-petrels, which are best seen after dark on partly or on completely overcast summer nights.

The Broch of Clickimin broch ( also Clickimin broch ) is a large and well preserved, though somewhat ' restored ' broch near Lerwick in Shetland, Scotland.

The Death of Virgil () is a 1945 novel by the Austrian author Hermann Broch.

The first edition was an English translation by Jean Starr Untermeyer, who is said to have collaborated so closely with Broch as to be almost a co-author.

Edin's Hall Broch is a 2nd century broch near Duns in the Borders of Scotland.

In the notes that accompany the novel, Scott acknowledges that the outer works were Norman but speculates that the keep — which he describes in some detail in the novel ( but which in the notes he says he only viewed hastily )— was similar to Scottish mainland and island Brochs in particular Broch of Mousa in the Shetlands, and hence in Scott's mind, if the castles of the Scottish islands were Scandinavian in origin, then so too could Conisbrough have been a pre-Norman castle built by Scandinavians or Saxons with knowledge of similar Scottish structures.

Charpak and Broch, noting this, referred to astrology based on the tropical zodiac as being " empty boxes that have nothing to do with anything and are devoid of any consistency or correspondence with the stars ".

" Barraqué – Broch – Heidegger ".

An arts writer for the New York Times called it " possibly the best unmanned art history lecture you'll ever experience ," while acknowledging that some viewers might respond to it as " mediocre art, Disneyfied kitsch or a flamboyant denigration of site-specific video installation.

In Italy, a movement arose called the Nuovi-nuovi (" new new "), which took a different route: instead of " quoting " kitsch in an ironic stance, it founded itself in a primitivism which embraced ugliness and garishness, emulating kitsch as a sort of anti-aesthetic.

Where Pākehā identity is identified, commonly NZ kitsch and symbols from marketing such as the Chesdale Cheese men are used as signifiers, and might more appropriately be called " Kiwiana ".

A popular song by Jilin singer Xue Cun ( 雪村 ) is called " All Northeasterners are Living Lei Fengs " ( 东北人都是活雷锋 ; Dōngběi Rén Dōu Shì Huó Léi Fēng ) A 1995 release, originally notable only for its use of Northeastern Mandarin, it shot to nationwide fame when it was combined with kitsch animations on the Internet in 2001 .< ref name =" cw2 ">

The NME called them, " 1984's most instantly kitsch mass program of monosodium glutamation of the brain ".

Ana Matronic ran a weekly cabaret event known as Knock Off at a club called the Slipper Room in New York, where she liked to hire eccentric and alternative acts ; one reporter described it as a place that " served up a racy, multigender revue of kitsch ," and that a performer dressed as a giant vagina " enfolded me with her labia while singing " Lick Me in My Wet Spot " to the tune of " Hit Me With Your Best Shot ".

Philosopher and social critic Robert C. Solomon described McKuen's poetry as " sweet kitsch ", and at the height of his popularity in 1969, Newsweek magazine called him " the King of Kitsch ".

Alexandru Paleologu called the cathedral project to be stopped, arguing that the cathedral is " a catastrophic, fatal kitsch ", " an ecclesiastical Ceauşescuism " and " parasitical, immoral and impertinent ", as well as comparing it to the Soviet-inspired Casa Scânteii and House of the People.

AP referred to the song as a " dated disco smash ", while The Standard-Times called it an " infamous piece of NFL kitsch ".

In 2004, a popular Brazilian film based on Benário's life, Olga, directed by telenovela director Jayme Monjardim, which offered a thoroughly depoliticized account of Olga's life, centered on her love affair with Prestes, was released, to the disappointment of German critique, who called it " kitsch advertising ".

Dagbladet Information described it as "... a story of an artist who became a victim of the musical genre which he himself had helped innovate, and who, in stead of gaining the broad recognition he had longed for his entire life, ended up with a status somewhere in between national heritage and kitsch clown ..." Politiken called the film " worthy, worth seeing and moving ", Ekstra Bladet " a moving portrait of a man caught between the music, his family and the bottle ".

He called the work not only a kitsch object but also " crass and solemn and singleminded ", " very bad art ,… failed art ,… art so mired in the pieties of a cause that it quite fails to acquire any independent artistic life of its own ".

Some photographers also work in ' Chinese kitsch ' - sometimes called " Mao goes Pop " — a collage style very similar to western pop art of the 1960s.