" Benin Bronze "( brass )

Bronze replaced nickel-brass in the 1 cent in 1970, followed by brass in 1974 and copper-plated zinc in 1985.

The National Museum of Ireland has several examples on display dating from the late Bronze Age ( 1200-800BC ) which were found in a hoard alongside various brass wind instruments.

Initially constructed from leather and brass, and then bronze and iron during the Bronze and Iron Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged steel in many societies after about 950AD.

Bronze does not necessarily contain tin, and a variety of alloys of copper, including alloys with arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon, are commonly termed " bronze ".

Bronze parts are tough and typically used for bearings, clips, electrical connectors and springs.

Bronze strings are commonly reserved on pianoforte for the lower pitch tones, as they possess a superior sustain quality to that of high-tensile steel.

Bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of medals for centuries, and are known in contemporary times for being awarded to the second-runner up in sporting competitions and other events.

The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to service members in combat who are receiving imminent danger pay.

Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to " any person ... while serving in any capacity in or with " the U. S. Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted.

Additional awards of the Bronze Star Medal are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army and Air Force and 5 / 16 inch stars in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

The oldest catalogues of stars and constellations are from Old Babylonian astronomy, beginning in the Middle Bronze Age.

Bronze has several characteristics that made it preferable as a construction material: although it is relatively expensive, does not always alloy well, and can result in a final product that is " spongy about the bore ", bronze is more flexible than iron and therefore less prone to bursting when exposed to high pressure ; cast iron cannon are less expensive and more durable generally than bronze and withstand being fired more times without deteriorating.

Examples from elsewhere in Orkney are the Vinquoy cairn, found at an elevated location on the north end of the island of Eday and Quoyness on Sanday constructed about 2900 BC and which is surrounded by an arc of Bronze Age mounds.

They do not seem to have been politically centralised: coins are relatively rare, none of them locally minted, and the structure, distribution and construction of Bronze Age and Iron Age hill forts, " rounds " and defensible farmsteads in the south west point to a number of smaller tribal groups living alongside each other.

The earliest metal daggers are of Beaker copper and appear in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC, predating the Bronze Age sword.

Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman four-posters are square arrangements of postholes, around 2-4m square.

Four-posters are hardly exact astronomical observatories, they should be thought of more as a memento of home for Bronze Age travellers who were ill-equipped to undertake workings on the size of the grand recumbent-stone circles of the soon distant north east.

If subdivision is necessary, periods of human technological development, such as the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, are usually used.

Cadmium and Gold are used for plating surfaces which gives them good corrosion resistance and sliding properties, Lead, Tin, Zinc alloys and various Bronze alloys are used as sliding bearings, or their powder can be used to lubricate sliding surfaces alone, or as additives to greases.

Phrases such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Steel Age are good examples.

The earliest boats discovered date from the Bronze Age and are constructed of hollowed out logs or sewn planks.

The most notable architectural remains from early Mesopotamia are the temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, temples and palaces from the Early Dynastic period sites in the Diyala River valley such as Khafajah and Tell Asmar, the Third Dynasty of Ur remains at Nippur ( Sanctuary of Enlil ) and Ur ( Sanctuary of Nanna ), Middle Bronze Age remains at Syrian-Turkish sites of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Aleppo and Kultepe, Late Bronze Age palaces at Bogazkoy ( Hattusha ), Ugarit, Ashur and Nuzi, Iron Age palaces and temples at Assyrian ( Kalhu / Nimrud, Khorsabad, Nineveh ), Babylonian ( Babylon ), Urartian ( Tushpa / Van Kalesi, Cavustepe, Ayanis, Armavir, Erebuni, Bastam ) and Neo-Hittite sites ( Karkamis, Tell Halaf, Karatepe ).

At the end of this period a new landscape emerges: the northern Canaanite cities still existed, more or less intact, and became the Phoenicians ; the highlands behind the coastal plains, previously largely uninhabited, were rapidly filling with villages, largely Canaanite in their basic culture but without the Bronze Age city-state structure ; and along the southern coastal plain there are clear signs that a non-Canaanite people had taken over the former Canaanite cities while adopting almost all aspects of Canaanite culture.

The carvings are difficult to date, but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons ; recent laser scanning work on the carvings supports this interpretation.

Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art of hardstone carving, and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites, indicating its widespread use in the ancient world ; for example, archaeological recovery at the Knossos site on Crete illustrates its role in Bronze Age Minoan culture.

Bronze resists corrosion ( especially seawater corrosion ) and metal fatigue more than steel and is a better conductor of heat and electricity than most steels.

During the past few centuries of detailed, scientific study of the Bronze Age, it has become clear that on the whole, the use of copper or bronze was only the most stable and therefore the most diagnostic part of a cluster of features marking the period.

Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the controversy surrounding relocation of the Bronze Soldier WWII memorial in Tallinn.

In place of less easily available tin, arsenic was added to copper in the Bronze Age to harden it ; like the hatters, crazed by their exposure to mercury, who inspired Lewis Carroll's famous character of the Mad Hatter, most smiths of the Bronze Age would have suffered from chronic poisoning as a result of their livelihood.

Among the most notable: the Black Marble H & R Block fountain in front of Union Station with its synchronized water jets shooting high into the air, the Nichols Bronze Horses at the corner of Main and JC Nichols Parkway at the entrance to the Plaza Shopping District and the unique " family friendly " walk through fountain at Hallmark Cards World Headquarters in Crown Center.

Copper alloys have been known since prehistory — bronze gave the Bronze Age its name — and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring.

It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

A typical variant for European swords is the leaf-shaped blade, which was most common in North-West Europe at the end of the Bronze Age, in the British Isles and Ireland in particular.

During the Early Bronze Age ( 3200-1950 BC ), many villages were built that included defensive fortifications, most likely to protect against marauding nomadic tribes.

Marija Gimbutas () ( Vilnius, January 23, 1921 – Los Angeles, United States February 2, 1994 ), was a Lithuanian-American archeologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of " Old Europe ", a term she introduced, and for her Kurgan hypothesis, the current most widely accepted of the Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses among scholars.

Though later Greeks like Herodotus dated Cadmus's role in the founding myth of Thebes to well before the Trojan War ( or, in modern terms, during the Aegean Bronze Age ), this chronology conflicts with most of what is now known or thought to be known about the origins and spread of both the Phoenician and Greek alphabets.

The site of Liman Tepe, which lies near an old harbour contains very important Bronze Age excavations, the most prominent and remarkable of which is the amount of varying archaic burial sites, as well as evidence of the practises associated with them close by.

The most notable architectural remains from early Mesopotamia are the temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, temples and palaces from the Early Dynastic period sites in the Diyala River valley such as Khafajah and Tell Asmar, the Third Dynasty of Ur remains at Nippur ( Sanctuary of Enlil ) and Ur ( Sanctuary of Nanna ), Middle Bronze Age remains at Syrian-Turkish sites of Ebla, Mari, Alalakh, Aleppo and Kultepe, Late Bronze Age palaces at Bogazkoy ( Hattusha ), Ugarit, Ashur and Nuzi, Iron Age palaces and temples at Assyrian ( Kalhu / Nimrud, Khorsabad, Nineveh ), Babylonian ( Babylon ), Urartian ( Tushpa / Van Kalesi, Cavustepe, Ayanis, Armavir, Erebuni, Bastam ) and Neo-Hittite sites ( Karkamis, Tell Halaf, Karatepe ).

Some of her non-related Revolutionary-period novels reference the Scarlet Pimpernel or the League, most notably The Bronze Eagle ( 1915 ).

The terms Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Bronze Age which are used to describe early societies in most other regions are not used to describe societies of the Pre-Columbian era.

* The USA won 41 Gold, 27 Silver and 27 Bronze medals, the most won by any of the 29 nations attending.

As well as winning Bronze for his acclaimed The Huey Show on BBC Radio 6 Music, Huey has appeared on Jack Osbourne's Adrenaline Junkie, a Boy-Racer show Slips, sat in for Jonathon Ross and Dermot O ' Leary on BBC Radio 2, appeared in the Soul Boy as a Dick Van Dyke accented London record shop owner, voiced a character in the Scarface: The World Is Yours video game, and most bizarrely appeared with his dog, Sugar and Liza Tarbuck on Liza & Huey's Pet Nation on primetime SKY TV.

In the Iliad of Homer ( describing the Trojan War and Bronze Age Greek and Trojan warriors ), most of the armor and weapons ( swords and spears ) are stated to have been of bronze.

Møn is known for its natural beauty, sandy beaches, fresco-decorated churches, Stone Age and Bronze Age passage graves and monuments, and Møns Klint (" The White Cliffs of Møn "), the island's most popular attraction.