Buckminsterfullerene C < sub > 60 </ sub >, also known as the buckyball, is a representative member of the Allotropes of carbon | carbon structures known as fullerene s. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.

First was the discovery of C < sub > 60 </ sub > in the Nov. 14, 1985, issue of Nature " C < sub > 60 </ sub >: Buckminsterfullerene ".

Buckminsterfullerene C < sub > 60 </ sub > has 60 carbon atoms in each molecule, arranged in a truncated icosahedron.

Eight allotropes of carbon: a ) Diamond, b ) Graphite, c ) Lonsdaleite, d ) C < sub > 60 </ sub > ( Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball ), e ) C < sub > 540 </ sub >, f ) C70 fullerene | C < sub > 70 </ sub >, g ) Amorphous carbon, and h ) single-walled carbon nanotube or buckytube.

Rotating view of Buckminsterfullerene C < sub > 60 </ sub >

* Buckminsterfullerene, a carbon molecule with the chemical formula C < sub > 60 </ sub >, also known as a buckyball

* October 28 – Richard Smalley ( b. 1943 ), Nobelaureate in Chemistry ( 1996 ) for the discovery of a new form of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene.

* 1985 – The discovery of Buckminsterfullerene, the first fullerene molecule of carbon.

Although the hyperfilament is constructed from " continuous pseudo-one-dimensional diamond crystal ", Clarke later expressed his belief that another type of carbon, Buckminsterfullerene, would play the role of hyperfilament in a real space elevator.

* 1990 — Wolfgang Krätschmer, Lowell Lamb, Konstantinos Fostiropoulos, and Donald Huffman discovered that Buckminsterfullerene can be separated from soot because it is soluble in benzene.

With the formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 2 </ sub >, Alkanes belong to a homologous series of organic compounds in which the members differ by a constant relative molecular mass of 14.

The number of carbon atoms is used to define the size of the alkane ( e. g., C < sub > 2 </ sub >- alkane ).

It has only been generated by oxidation of stibine ( SbH < sub > 3 </ sub >) at − 90 ° C.

An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 1 </ sub > OH.

Of those, ethanol ( C < sub > 2 </ sub > H < sub > 5 </ sub > OH ) is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.

The automorphism group of an object X in a category C is denoted Aut < sub > C </ sub >( X ), or simply Aut ( X ) if the category is clear from context.

Benzene, C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 6 </ sub >, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz in the 19th century.

This is seen in, for example, phenol ( C < sub > 6 </ sub > H < sub > 5 </ sub >- OH ), which is acidic at the hydroxyl ( OH ), since a charge on this oxygen ( alkoxide-O < sup >–</ sup >) is partially delocalized into the benzene ring.

Terpenoids, produced by conifers and angiosperms, consist of ring structures formed of isoprene ( C < sub > 5 </ sub > H < sub > 8 </ sub >) units.

"< ref >, From the Gracchi to Nero: History of Rome from 133 B. C. to A. D. 68, London, 1982 < sup > 5 </ sup >, p. 303 .</ ref >

Anaximenes () of Miletus ( b. 585 BCE, d. 528 BCE ) was an Archaic Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC .< ref name =" lindberg28 "> Lindberg, David C. “ The Greeks and the Cosmos .” < u > The Beginnings of Western Science </ u >.

115 .</ ref > Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism .< ref name =" lindberg29 "> Lindberg, David C. “ The Greeks and the Cosmos .” < u > The Beginnings of Western Science </ u >.

where n < sub > d </ sub >, n < sub > F </ sub > and n < sub > C </ sub > are the refractive indices of the material at the wavelengths of the Fraunhofer d -, F-and C-spectral lines ( 587. 6 nm, 486. 1 nm and 656. 3 nm respectively ).

* Pepto-Bismol – C < sub > 7 </ sub > H < sub > 5 </ sub > BiO < sub > 4 </ sub >

For the year 2000 this means servicing ( A ) the protection requirements of a watershed producing at least 200 million acre-feet of water each year, ( B ) recreation and wildlife resources used each year by 635 million visitors, ( C ) a timber resource supporting an annual cut of 21 billion board feet, and ( D ) 60 million acres of rangelands.

The earliest high-level programming languages, including FORTRAN ( 1957 ), COBOL ( 1960 ), and ALGOL 60 ( 1960 ), had support for multi-dimensional arrays, and so has C ( 1972 ).

* alkalis ( sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides ), such as of pH < 1 or > 13, particularly under elevated temperature ( above 60 ° C ), kills bacteria.

The C < sub > 60 </ sub > fullerene in crystalline form

The graphite intercalation compound KC < sub > 8 </ sub >, prepared from vapour of potassium and graphite, and the alkali metal derivatives of C < sub > 60 </ sub > are not usually classified as carbides.

In 1999, objects large enough to be seen under an electron microscope — buckyball molecules ( diameter about 0. 7 nm, nearly half a million times larger than a proton ) — were found to exhibit wave-like interference .< ref > Nature: Wave – particle duality of C < sub > 60 </ sub > molecules, 14 October 1999.

The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family's namesake, buckminsterfullerene ( C < sub > 60 </ sub >), was prepared in 1985 by Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, James Heath, Sean O ' Brien, and Harold Kroto at Rice University.

The icosahedral C < sub > 60 </ sub > H < sub > 60 </ sub > cage was mentioned in 1965 as a possible topological structure.

The existence of C < sub > 60 </ sub > was predicted by Eiji Osawa of Toyohashi University of Technology in 1970.

Also in 1970, R. W. Henson ( then of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment ) proposed the structure and made a model of C < sub > 60 </ sub >.

Independently from Henson in 1973 the group of scientists from USSR directed by Prof. Bochvar made the quantum-chemical analysis of stability of C < sub > 60 </ sub > and calculated electronic structure of the molecule.

In 1985, Harold Kroto ( then of the University of Sussex ), James R. Heath, Sean O ' Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley, from Rice University, discovered C < sub > 60 </ sub >, and shortly thereafter came to discover the fullerenes .< ref >

C < sub > 60 </ sub > and other fullerenes were later noticed occurring outside the laboratory ( e. g., in normal candle soot ).

Minute quantities of the fullerenes, in the form of C < sub > 60 </ sub >, C < sub > 70 </ sub >, C < sub > 76 </ sub >, C < sub > 82 </ sub > and C < sub > 84 </ sub > molecules, are produced in nature, hidden in soot and formed by lightning discharges in the atmosphere.

In 2010, fullerenes ( C < sub > 60 </ sub >) have been discovered in a cloud of cosmic dust surrounding a distant star 6500 light years away.

C < sub > 60 </ sub > with isosurface of ground state electron density as calculated with Density functional theory | DFT

Many association football ( ball ) | association footballs have the same shape as buckminsterfullerene, C < sub > 60 </ sub >

The structure of C < sub > 60 </ sub > is a truncated icosahedron, which resembles an association football ball of the type made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge.

The van der Waals diameter of a C < sub > 60 </ sub > molecule is about 1. 1 nanometers ( nm ).