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Buddhist clergy are often referred to as the Sangha and consists of the order of monks ( bhikshus ) and nuns ( bhikshunis ) founded by Gautama Buddha during the 5th century BC, as well as lay priests in the modern era and ngagpas of the Tibetan tradition.
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Buddhist and clergy
The power of the Buddhist clergy was so great and the wealth of the monasteries so impressive, that it instigated criticism from Confucian scholars, who considered Buddhism as a foreign religion.
Monastic estates were called chos-gzhis (), linked to Buddhist monasteries, and were similar to priests or clergy castes of other societies.
However the pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy.
Shinto kami are commonly being seen by Buddhist clergy as guardians of manifestation, guardians, or pupils of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.
* Emperor Xuanzong of Tang forbids all commercial vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of Chang ' an to copy and sell Buddhist sutras, so that the emperor can give the clergy of the Buddhist monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the laity.
In his book he argues that although the Buddhist clergy should remain independent and undisturbed by politics, the Buddhist laymen nonetheless make good subjects under monarchs, due to their fear of retribution of karma and desire to be reborn in paradise.
In the year 714, Emperor Xuanzong forbade shops and vendors in the city of Chang ' an to sell copied Buddhist sutras, instead giving the Buddhist clergy of the monasteries the sole right to distribute sutras to the laity.
In modern times, however, the role of Buddhist clergy can vary greatly across different countries.
For instance, in Japan and in some sects in Korea, monastic law regarding celibacy has been abandoned and Buddhist clergy do not take the ordination of a monk or nun but take alternate ordination which allows them to marry ( though nuns, at least in Japan, tend to remain unmarried ).
The status and future of female Buddhist clergy in these countries continues to be a subject of debate.
The diversity of Buddhist traditions makes it difficult to generalize about Buddhist clergy.
Currently in North America, there are both celibate and non-celibate clergy in a variety of Buddhist traditions from around the world.
In some cases they are forest dwelling monks of the Theravada tradition and in other cases they are married clergy of a Japanese Zen lineage and may work a secular job in addition to their role in the Buddhist community.
Shōtoku had the charms printed to placate the Buddhist clergy.
Despite the establishment of several new literary genres such as the novel and narrative monogatari ( 物語 ) and essays, literacy was only common among the court and Buddhist clergy.
* Ando Shoeki, who denounced Confucian scholars and Buddhist clergy as spiritual oppressors of his age, though he still venerated the gods of old Japan as a pantheist would, equating them with the nature < ref >
After Babakhan converted to Buddhism in the early 17th century, he, like many of the other Oirat princes, wished for one of his sons to enter the Buddhist clergy.
After the capture of Astrakhan, the Bolsheviks engaged in savage reprisals against the Kalmyk people, especially against Buddhist temples and the Buddhist clergy ( Arbakov, 1958: 30-36 ).
The Buddhist clergy was either shot or condemned to long terms of confinement in the labor camps in Siberia where they all perished.
Buddhist and are
He is a Buddhist, which means that to him peace and the sanctity of human life are not only religious dogma, but a profound and unshakable Weltanschauung.
Amongst the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda had the most retentive memory and most of the suttas in the Sutta Pitaka are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the First Buddhist Council.
Buddhist monks and nuns of most traditions are expected to refrain from all sexual activity and take vows of celibacy ; lay people, however, are not expected to refrain from any specific form of sexual activity, and there is no concept of sinfulness attached to sex.
The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art ( which depict the Jataka tales ) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka .< ref >
Some Buddhist scholars assert words are inadequate to describe the goal of the Buddhist path, but concerning the usefulness of words in the path itself, schools differ radically.
Although there are many ethical tenets in Buddhism that differ depending on whether one is a monk or a layman, and depending on individual schools, the Buddhist system of ethics can be summed up in the eightfold path:
The main early Buddhist philosophical schools are the Abhidharma schools, particularly Sarvāstivāda and Theravāda.
Interpenetration and essence-function are mutually informing in the East Asian Buddhist traditions, especially the Korean Buddhist tradition.
In a Buddhist view all philosophies are to be considered non-essential.
In Thailand, where the Thai solar calendar is used, the months and days have adopted the western standard, although the years are still based on the traditional Buddhist calendar.
Later on both his wife and son joined the ascetic community and are mentioned in the Buddhist texts to have become enlightened.
Some of these Buddhist vegetarian chefs are in the many monasteries which serve wu hun and mock-meat ( also known as ' meat analogues ') dishes to the monks and visitors ( including non-Buddhists who often stay for a few hours or days, to Buddhists who are not monks, but staying overnight for anywhere up to weeks or months ).
The earliest Buddhist texts explain that the four primary material elements are the sensory qualities solidity, fluidity, temperature, and mobility ; their characterization as earth, water, fire, and air, respectively, is declared an abstraction — instead of concentrating on the fact of material existence, one observes how a physical thing is sensed, felt, perceived.
These came from Buddhist beliefs ; the classical Chinese elements (, go gyô ) are also prominent in Japanese culture, especially to the influential Neo-Confucianists during the Edo period.
The two oldest printed Chinese calendars are dated 877 and 882 ; they were found at the Buddhist pilgrimage site of Dunhuang ; Patricia Ebrey writes that it is no surprise that some of the earliest printed items were calendars, since the Chinese found it necessary to calculate and mark which days were auspicious and which were not.
Instead, according to Buddhist thought, a wise person adopts a middle way without holding conventions to be ultimate or ignoring them when they are fruitful.
Buddhist dualism, in Dharmakirti ’ s sense, is different in that it is not a dualism between the mind and brain, but rather between states of consciousness ( nonphysical ) and basic building blocks ( according to the Buddhist atomism of Dharmakirti, Buddhist atoms are also nonphysical: they are unstructured points of energy ).
Buddhist and often
Particular points of Buddhist philosophy have often been the subject of disputes between different schools of Buddhism.
Daena has been used to mean religion, faith, law, even worship as a translation for the Hindu and Buddhist term Dharma, often interpreted as " duty " or social order, right conduct, or virtue.
In Chinese Buddhist iconography, Guanyin is often depicted as meditating or sitting alongside one of the Buddhas and usually accompanied by another bodhisattva.
The Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka is often credited with having founded the old capital of Kashmir, Shrinagari, now ruins on the outskirts of modern Srinagar.
The kowtow is often performed in groups of three before Buddhist statues and images or tombs of the dead.
It is distinguished from other buildings by its green roof ( Buddhist temples are often built with a yellow roof ).
In Buddhist symbolism, the Noble Eightfold Path is often represented by means of the dharma wheel ( dharmachakra ), whose eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path.
In Theravada Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka and Thailand, Buddhist laymen and laywomen will often spend one day a week ( on the Uposatha days: the new moon, first-quarter moon, full moon and last-quarter moon days ) living in the monastery, and practicing the eight precepts.
The Buddhist monk Bodhidharma is often popularly considered to be the creator of the monastery's arts.
In several surveys, Unitarian Universalists in the United States most often identified themselves as humanists, while smaller numbers identified themselves as earth-centered, agnostic, theistic, atheistic, Buddhist, Christian, or pagan.
In East Asian countries, the left-facing character is often used as symbol for Buddhism and marks the site of a Buddhist temple on maps.
Jar designs often incorporated animal, as well as Buddhist, figures.
While the young Chiang Ching-kuo had a peaceable relationship with his mother and grandmother ( who were deeply rooted to their Buddhist faith ), his relationship with his father was strict, utilitarian and often rocky.
* Nāga ( or Naga ), a Hindu or Buddhist deity often depicted as a king cobra
* Saffron robes are often worn by Hindu swamis and Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition.
While it was customary for Buddhist works to be written in Chinese, Dōgen often wrote in Japanese, conveying the essence of his thought in a style that was at once concise, compelling, and inspiring.
The word is also often used in the Buddhist context to describe Buddhist monks or a householder devoted to meditation.
" In the Buddhist and Hindu religious traditions sacred art often takes a mandala form.
Virtually all Japanese Buddhist traditions, especially Jodo Shinshu, which have carried over to the West style priests as The Reverend rather than Venerable, the religious style often used by Chinese and Tibetan Buddhists.
Apsaras are often depicted as flying figures in the mural paintings and sculptures of Buddhist cave sites in China such as in the Mogao Caves, Yulin Caves, and the Yungang and Longmen Grottoes.
The tale is often told to Buddhist children for them to learn their happiness lies in their faith.
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