This version of " critical " theory derives from Kant's ( 18th-century ) and Marx's ( 19th Century ) use of the term " critique ", as in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Marx's concept that his work Das Kapital ( Capital ) forms a " critique of political economy.

Ignored by many in " critical realist " circles, however, is that Kant's immediate impetus for writing his " Critique of Pure Reason " was to address problems raised by David Hume's skeptical empiricism which, in attacking metaphysics, employed reason and logic to argue against the knowability of the world and common notions of causation.

* Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason with an historical introduction by Ludwig Noiré, available at

In recent years, Edmund Jephcott and Stanford University Press have published new translations of some of Adorno's lectures and books, including Introduction to Sociology, Problems of Moral Philosophy and his transcribed lectures on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Aristotle's " Metaphysics ", and a new translation of the Dialectic of Enlightenment.

* One of the chapters in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is entitled " On the Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection ".

In the third volume, Arendt was planning to engage the faculty of judgment by appropriating Kant's Critique of Judgment, however, she did not live to write it.

As expressed in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, human understanding is structured by " concepts of the understanding ", or innate categories that the mind uses in order to make sense of raw unstructured experience.

In other words, by Kant's Critique, our minds may attempt to correlate in useful ways, perhaps even closely accurate ways, with the structure and order of the various aspects of the universe, but cannot know these " things-in-themselves " ( noumena ) directly.

Kant's Critique of Judgment held to this notion.

These are best known to philosophical students by Kant's treatment of them in the Critique of Pure Reason.

Norman Kemp Smith wrote that General Smuts read from Kant's " Critique of Pure Reason " on the evening before the raid.

" According to Barnes, the Critique of Dialectical Reason resembles Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in that it is concerned " with the nature, possibilities, and limitations of human reason.

It reacted against Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and was closely linked with both romanticism and the revolutionary politics of the Enlightenment.

Where the Critique of Pure Reason laid out Kant's metaphysical and epistemological ideas, this relatively short, primarily meta-ethical, work was intended to outline and define the concepts and arguments shaping his future work The Metaphysics of Morals.

In 1881, he published a translation of the first edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.

In his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote, " The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole history of the Aryan world has its first arch in the Veda, its last in Kant's Critique .… While in the Veda we may study the childhood, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason the perfect manhood of the Aryan mind .… The materials are now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of the future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, as precious as the Veda — a work that may be criticised, but can never be ignored.

His system shows the influence of Kant's destructive criticism of the claims of Pure Reason, recognition of the value of morally conditioned knowledge, and doctrine of the kingdom of ends ; of Schleiermacher's historical treatment of Christianity, regulative use of the idea of religious fellowship, emphasis on the importance of religious feeling ; and of Lotze's theory of knowledge and treatment of personality.

* A Commentary of Kant's “ Critic of Pure Reason ” ( trans.

Hegel responded to Kant's philosophy by suggesting that the unsolvable contradictions given by Kant in his Antinomies of Pure Reason applied not only to the four areas Kant gave ( world as infinite vs. finite, material as composite vs. atomic, etc.

On the other hand, the Critique of Pure Reason embodies Kant's thoughts during the various stages of development of the entire period of thought.

Sol LeWitt's Brick Wall, ( 1977 ), for instance, simply chronicled shadows as they passed across a brick wall, whilst Kozlowski's Reality ( 1972 ) took a section of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, removing all of the text, leaving only the punctuation behind.

Educated at Cheltenham College and Marlborough College, he read, as a teenager, some of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.

He is noted for his English translation of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.

He is best known for his English translation of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, published in 1929 and often used as the standard English version of the text.

Cassirer argues that while Kant's " Critique of Pure Reason " emphasizes human temporality and finitude, he also sought to situate human cognition within a broader conception of humanity.

Also referred to as Kant's " first critique ," it was followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment.

He translated several of Immanuel Kant's works, including the Critique of Practical Reason, and was the author of Studies in The Philosophy of Kant ( 1965 ).

* A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason ( 1961 )

* Kant's Critique of Practical Reason

This was part of Kant's critical program of determining limits to science and philosophical inquiry.

Kant's goal in his critical philosophy was to identify what claims we are and are not justified in making, and the antinomies are a particularly illustrative example of his larger project.

Kant's notion of critique has been associated with the disestablishment of false, unprovable, or dogmatic philosophical, social, and political beliefs, because Kant's critique of reason involved the critique of dogmatic theological and metaphysical ideas and was intertwined with the enhancement of ethical autonomy and the Enlightenment critique of superstition and irrational authority.

John Stuart Mill ( and also Kant's pupil Herbart ) argued that the predicative nature of existence was proved by sentences like " A centaur is a poetic fiction " or " A greatest number is impossible " ( Herbart ).

Negatively, Kant was often scorned by the positivists in their early debates, and Kant's doctrine of synthetic a priori truths was the doctrine they most wished to discredit.

But to conflate Kant's and Hegel's versions of idealism is to seriously miss the point of Kant ’ s radical doubt, which was stimulated in turn by David Hume's.

In this, he demonstrates the importance and brilliance of Kant's " Copernican revolution " in epistemology that was to follow.

An influential result of Kant's search was the idea of a good will as being the only intrinsic good.

This quandary presented by Rousseau was the inspiration of Kant's new way of justifying reason as freedom to create good and evil, which are therefore not to be blamed on nature or God.

In 1881 he received his doctorate for his thesis on Kant's philosophy of matter, a part of which was subsequently published as " The Nature of Matter According to Kant's Physical Monadology ".

He argued that Kant's work was wholly derivative, simply adopting the work of Gottfried Leibniz, and a variety of dogmatism.

His marked opposition to the philosophy of Hegel, then dominant in Berlin, was shown more clearly in the short tract, Neue Grundlegung zur Metaphysik ( 1822 ), intended to be the programme for his lectures as Privatdozent, and in the able treatise, Grundlegung zur Physik der Sitten ( 1822 ), written, in direct antagonism to Kant's Metaphysic of Ethics, to deduce ethical principles from a basis of empirical feeling.

One reason, she held, was that conscience, as we understand it in moral or legal matters, is supposedly always present within us, just like consciousness: " and this conscience is also supposed to tell us what to do and what to repent ; before it became the lumen naturale or Kant's practical reason, it was the voice of God.

One of the first philosophers to attempt to grapple with Kant's philosophy was Johann Gottlieb Fichte, whose development of Kantian metaphysics became a source of inspiration for the Romantics.

Transcendentalism was rooted in Immanuel Kant's transcendence and German idealism, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Kant's solution was to propose that while we could know particular facts about the world only via sensory experience, we could know the form they must take prior to any experience.

It is this notion that was taken to heart by Kant's philosophical successors.

Fichte's style was a challenging exaggeration of Kant's already difficult writing.