Major battles followed in quick order, and when Austria switched sides to oppose Napoleon his situation grew tenuous.

After the defeat of Napoleon, a new European order was established at the Congress of Vienna.

William III, king of the Netherlands, which still had sovereignty over Luxembourg, was willing to sell the grand duchy to France's Emperor Napoleon III in order to retain Limbourg but backed out when Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck expressed opposition.

In order to achieve this Bismarck kept Napoleon III involved in various intrigues whereby France might gain territory from Luxembourg or Belgium – France never achieved any such gain, but was made to look greedy and untrustworthy.

In the war against Austria, Bernadotte led the Saxon contingent at the Battle of Wagram ( 6 July 1809 ), on which occasion, on his own initiative, he issued an Order of the Day attributing the victory principally to the valour of his Saxons, which order Napoleon at once disavowed.

In 1866 it was explored by order of the emperor Napoleon III, the work being carried out by Adrien Berbrugger and Oscar Maccarthy.

France therefore embarked on a program of constitutional reform in the dependent republics, first in the Helvetic Republic, where Napoleon as Mediator imposed the Constitution of Malmaison in 1801 ( followed by the Second Helvetic Constitution a year later ), restoring the old confederal order.

The Kingdom of Holland 1806 – 1810 (, ) was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother, Louis Bonaparte, in order to better control the Netherlands.

Napoleon immediately saw a chance to exploit this bill in order to further his Continental Plan, a form of economic warfare he believed would destroy Britain's economy.

There, by order of Napoleon, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel was centered on the palace ( and so on the same axial line that was developing beyond the palace ).

However, the Italian Government could not take possession of its capital because Napoleon III kept a French garrison in Rome in order to protect Pope Pius IX.

The judge at the trial, although quite impressed with M. Madeleine's work and reputation, is shocked that Valjean, while mentioning a date that another convict had tattoed on himself ( in order to prove that M. Madeleine was actually Jean Valjean ) called Napoleon Bonaparte " the Emperor " instead of " Bonaparte " and orders Valjean arrested for the 40-sous theft.

When they finally arrived, Elizabeth was denied permission to set foot in continental Europe by order of Napoleon.

In a speech at Bordeaux in 1852, Napoleon III famously proclaimed that " The Empire means peace " (" L ' Empire, c ' est la paix "), reassuring foreign governments that the new Emperor Napoleon would not attack other European powers in order to extend the French Empire.

Marie Louise was finally persuaded to leave by Henri Clarke, who received the order from Napoleon: " I would prefer to know that they Empress and the King of Rome are both at the bottom of the Seine rather than in the hands of the foreigners.

Napoleon, according to legend, surprised Pius VII when he reached out and crowned himself, although in reality this order of ceremony had been pre-arranged: see coronation.

Sugar beet was introduced by Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars in the 19th century, in order to counter the United Kingdom, which had seized the sugar islands possessed by France in the Caribbean.

Boredom among the troops occasionally set in, but Napoleon paid many visits and conducted lavish parades in order to boost morale.

In August 1805, Napoleon, Emperor of the French since December of the previous year, turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats.

On November 25, general Savary was sent to the Allied headquarters at Olmutz in order to secretly examine the Allied forces ' situation and deliver Napoleon's message expressing Napoleon ’ s desire to avoid a battle.

In order to encourage them to do so, Napoleon even abandoned the strategic position on the Pratzen Heights, further faking the weakness of his forces and his own nervousness.

Fox thought the coup d ' état of 1799 that brought Napoleon to power " a very bad beginning ... the manner of the thing quite odious ", But he was convinced that the French leader sincerely desired peace in order to consolidate his rule and rebuild his shattered country.

In order to stimulate the French textile industry, which was competing with Britain ’ s industrialized textile industry, Napoleon Bonaparte placed large orders for Lyon ’ s silk, starting in 1802.

By this point, Napoleon had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing republics with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.

The Pope had been forced out of Rome as part of the Revolutions of 1848, and Louis Napoleon sent a 14, 000 man expeditionary force of troops to the Papal State under General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot to restore him.

Beginning in 1802, Napoleon sent more than 20, 000 troops to try to restore slavery on the island, as its colonial sugar cane plantations had been the chief revenue producer for France in the New World.

Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, decided to restore the former académies, but only as " classes " or divisions of the Institut de France.

August 2, 1766 saw the birth of Saint-Pierre de Louis Delgrès, a mixed-race free black who would serve in the French army and fight the British in 1794, before becoming the leader of the unsuccessful resistance in Guadeloupe against General Richepance, whom Napoleon had sent to restore slavery to that colony.

Peace talks had started on 9 May between Talleyrand, who negotiated for the exiled Bourbon king Louis XVIII of France, and the allies of Chaumont, who had agreed to reduce France to her 1792 borders and restore the independence of her neighbors after Napoleon Bonaparte's defeat.

However, Napoleon III's regime did support the Pope, helping to restore Pope Pius IX as ruler of the Papal States in 1849 after there had been a revolt there in 1848.

His friendship with the exiled Louis Napoleon helped lead to quick British acquiescence in the Prince-President's decision to restore the Empire in 1852, but did not prevent Malmesbury from pursuing a policy relatively sympathetic to Austria during the crisis leading up to the Italian War of 1859.

In 1860 Napoleon III, having employed Viollet-le-Duc to restore the keep and the chapel, gave the Bois de Vincennes ( 9. 95 km² in extent ) and its château to Paris as a public park.

However, Napoleon never showed any particular interest in winning over the Jews of Palestine during his campaign there, though his account of the military campaign records that a rumour among Syrian Jews had it that after Napoleon took Acre, he would go to Jerusalem and restore Solomon's temple and decrees were passed in favour of Jews ( and Coptic Christians and women ) in French-controlled Egypt.

In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule.

In a strict sense, this term refers to people who aimed to restore the French Empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte ( Napoleon I of France ) and his nephew Louis ( Napoleon III of France ).

Charles IV requested that Napoleon restore him to the throne ; instead, Napoleon crowned his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as the new Spanish King.

Napoleon willed to restore French authority there, and so organised an expedition.

After the fall of Napoleon, he was papal plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna and was able to convince the victorious powers to restore the Papal States almost entirely ( although the Papacy had been forced to accept the French annexation of Avignon ).

During the Consulate, the Bourbon family, through the Comte d ' Artois, allegedly offered Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, the title of Constable of France if he would restore the Bourbons as kings of France.

Lannes, the hero of Jena, was not so honored, possibly because Napoleon judged it best for reasons of prestige to keep the glory for himself.

The Tokugawa thus came to rely mainly on French expertise, comforted by the military prestige of Napoleon III at that time, acquired through his successes in the Crimean War and the War of Italy.

The retention of cuirasses as part of their field uniform by the French Army in 1914 reflected the historic prestige of this branch of the cavalry, dating back through the Franco-Prussian War to the campaigns of Napoleon.

He also had a collector ’ s passion which, on Lake of Como, did not have any rivals except for the figure of Giovan Battista Sommariva, owner of the villa bearing the same name ( nowadays Villa Carlotta ), who, politically defeated by Melzi himself ( who was preferred by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1802 as vice-president of the Italian Republic ), tried to re-acquire the lost prestige by assembling an extraordinary art collection.

At this time, Egypt was a province of the Ottoman Empire, but Napoleon viewed invading Egypt as a way to threaten British dominance in the Mediterranean Sea and threaten the British position in India, and to gain prestige for revolutionary arms.

Napoleon inherited two French Carabinier regiments of heavy cavalry ( the two most senior cavalry regiments in the army ), which gained some prestige in his wars.