From the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries, when the ideas of humanism, the Renaissance, and the Reformation were alive in Western Europe, these ideas were debated in Belarus as well because of trade relations there and because of the enrollment of noblemen's and burghers ' sons in Western universities.

Many peasant parties were also nationalist parties, because peasants often worked their land for the benefit of landlords of different ethnicity.

These programs, however, were never supported by the landholding families, because they favored the peasants.

It strengthened the traditional social order because wealthy peasants obtained most of the former common land, while the rural proletariat was left without land ; many left for the cities or America.

Orthodox peasants in Albania's southern lowlands loathed Zogu because he supported the Muslim landowners ' efforts to block land reform ; Shkodër's citizens felt shortchanged because their city did not become Albania's capital, and nationalists were dissatisfied because Zogu's government did not press Albania's claims to Kosovo or speak up more energetically for the rights of the ethnic Albanian minorities in present-day Yugoslavia and Greece.

From 1929 to 1934, during the period when Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was trying to collectivize agriculture, Kazakhstan endured repeated famines, similar to the Holodomor in Ukraine, for which it may have provided a model, because peasants had slaughtered their livestock in protest against Soviet agricultural policy.

Moreover, because the industrialization was financed mostly with foreign capital, Imperial Russia ( 1721 – 1917 ) did not possess a revolutionary bourgeoisie with political and economic influence upon the workers and the peasants ( as occurred in the French Revolution, 1789 ).

As epitomised in the slogan, “ For a Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Peasantry ”, a revolution in underdeveloped Tsarist Russia required an allied proletariat of town and country ( urban workers and peasants ), because the urban workers would be too few to successfully assume power in the cities on their own.

The medieval Parliament was complete when it represented all the states in the realm: nobles, clergy, peasants and craftsmen but it was not a popular institution mainly because it meant taxation.

In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule.

In 1653, peasants of territories subject to Lucerne, Bern, Solothurn, and Basel revolted because of currency devaluation.

As became clear because of the Đổi Mới reforms, the Party could not base its rule on defending only the workers and the peasants, which was officially referred to as the " working class-peasant alliance ".

Workers were supposed to “ grasp revolution and promote productions ”, while peasants were supposed to raise more pigs because “ more pigs means more manure, and more manure means more grain .” Even a casual remark by Mao, “ Sweet potato tastes good ; I like it ” became a slogan everywhere in the countryside.

( Partly because of KMT corruption and anti-democratic regime, and partly because of the uncertain U. S. foreign policy towards Communism between 1945 and 1950 ); Communist land reform policy promised poor peasants farmland from their landlords.

The theory of Permanent Revolution considers that the peasantry as a whole cannot take on this task, because it is dispersed in small holdings throughout the country, and forms a heterogeneous grouping, including the rich peasants who employ rural workers and aspire to landlordism as well as the poor peasants who aspire to own more land.

Gobineau's basic concept, as further refined and developed in Nazism, places the black Aboriginal Australians and " African savages " at the bottom of the hierarchy, while the white Northern and Western European Aryans ( consisting of Germans, Finnish, Swedish, Icelanders, Norwegians, Danish, British, French, Northern Italians, Irish and Dutch ) were at the top ; white olive-skinned Southern Europeans ( consisting of the Spanish, Southern Italians, Greeks and Portuguese, i. e. those of what is called the Mediterranean race, which was regarded as another subrace of the Caucasian race ) in the upper middle ranks ; Slavs ( Even though the Slavs are white and of Indo-European ancestry, the Nazis placed them lower on the scale because they were regarded as primarily of the Alpine race rather than the Nordic race, and thus fit only to be peasants.

Peasants and knights were split into separate armies ; however, because the peasants were not as well-trained in combat as the knights, their army failed to reach Jerusalem.

It strengthened the traditional social order because wealthy peasants obtained most of the former common land, while the rural proletariat was left without land ; many left for the cities or America.

Württemberg was a central battlefield of the War ; its population fell by 57 % between 1634 1655, primarily because of death disease, declining birthrates, and the mass migration of terrified peasants.

Historically, salami has been popular among Southern European peasants because it can be stored at room temperature for periods of up to 30 – 40 days once cut, supplementing a possibly meager or inconsistent supply of fresh meat.

Peter had been popular among the Raskolniks ( schismatics, or dissidents ) because he granted them liberty of conscience, and among the peasants because when pillaging the convents he divided their lands among the labourers.

Gaining theoretical control of Tyrol for the Hapsburgs was of strategic importance because it linked the Swiss Confederacy to the Hapsburg-controlled Austrian lands, which facilitated some imperial geographic continuity.

It is likely a depiction of a real person with Paget's disease, though it is sometimes said to be a metaphorical portrait of the Margaret, Countess of Tyrol, who was known as Maultasch, which, though literally translated " satchel mouth ", was used to mean " ugly woman " or " whore " ( because of her marital scandals ).

German populations have also been persecuted because they were perceived as lacking proper ties to the country in which they lived — this includes the persecution of ethnic German Mennonite, Amish and Hutterite communities in the United States, and of Tyrolean Germans in the province of South Tyrol.

After the failure of the allied second offensive to retake the Tyrol, Lefebvre was relieved of his command by Napoleon because of his poor performance and terrible relationship with the Bavarians.

It is also known as the Provincia Granda, the big province, because it is the third largest province in Italy ( following the provinces of South Tyrol and Foggia ).

Schlanders is well-known because of its church tower ( 92 meters ), which is also the highest in South Tyrol.

But Michael Sept had unmasked him, revealing he had never been a bishop, but was an Anabaptist, afraid to state his faith, because he knew John Calvin had written a book against their belief that the soul slept after death.

This does not mean that the episcopate, in the sense of the holder of the order or office of bishop, must have developed only later, or have been plural, because in each church the college or presbyter-overseers ( also called " presbyter-bishops ") did not exercise an independent supreme power ; it was subject to the Apostles or to their delegates.

The Council of Constantinople in 381 modified the situation somewhat by placing Constantinople second in honor, above Alexandria and Antioch, stating in Canon III, that "" the bishop of Constantinople ... shall have the prerogative of honor after the bishop of Rome ; because Constantinople is New Rome ".

Most scholars believe that Cyril was born and brought up in Caesarea of Palestine but some say he may have been born in Jerusalem because of his early knowledge of the city's layout, but this could have been attributed to research or information he learned after moving there to become bishop.

Being a bishop was a position that gained power because bishops and other key religious figures could withstand the constant change of government and political leaders allowing them to become an authority on the city and its political endeavors.

" This means that both enjoy the same privileges because they are both bishops of the imperial capitals, but the bishop of Rome will precede the bishop of Constantinople since Old Rome precedes New Rome.

That a low-ranking priest was used as envoy was due to the duke's rude manners: the previous envoy, the bishop of Parma, had quit because the duke had wiped his buttocks in front of him: Saint-Simon in his Mémoires relates that Alberoni gained Vendôme's favor when he was received in the same way, but reacted adroitly by kissing the duke's buttocks and crying " O culo di angelo !".

Although it is sometimes claimed that Irenaeus believed Christ did not die until he was older than is conventionally portrayed, the bishop of Lyons simply pointed out that because Jesus turned the permissible age for becoming a rabbi ( 30 years old and above ), he recapitulated and sanctified the period between 30 and 50 years old, as per the Jewish custom of periodization of human life, and so touches the beginning of old age when one becomes 50 years old.

His brief imprisonment at Marignane in late 1561 came about purely because he had published his 1562 almanac without the prior permission of a bishop, contrary to a recent royal decree.

In the case of a certain Hugh whom the chapter of Chartres had elected bishop, he withheld his approbation because the bishop-elect did not possess sufficient knowledge, quum pateretur in litteratura defectum, as the Pope stated in a letter dated 8 January 1219.

Before his election as Pope, he served as Bishop of Caere, which made his election controversial, because, at this stage of history, a bishop was expected never to leave office to move to another see.

* The 1870 Dogmatic Constitution Pastor Aeternus of the First Vatican Council reaffirmed that " it has always been necessary for every Church, e. g., the faithful throughout the world — to be in agreement with ( the Roman Church ) because of its preeminent authority " and that consequently the bishop whom the Church in Rome acknowledges as its head " is the successor of blessed Peter, the prince of the apostles, true vicar of Christ, head of the whole Church and father and teacher of all Christian people.

John Law tried to get Paley to remove the passage, because it would prevent him becoming a bishop.

As Celestine's representative, Philip should have had primacy ; however, because Philip was not a bishop, he could not preside over the council.

Less experienced players tend to underrate the bishop compared to the knight because the knight can reach all squares and is more adept at forking.

White should not capture the black bishop because after 1. Nxd5, 1 ... Rb1 + wins white's rook, because the king is forced to move away from the check, thereby exposing the rook to attack.

In 911, the bishop of Narbonne was unable to return to France from Rome because the Moors from Fraxinet controlled all the passes in the Alps.

This does not mean that the episcopate, in the sense of the holder of the order or office of bishop, must have developed only later, or have been plural, because in each church the college or presbyter-overseers ( also called " presbyter-bishops ") did not exercise an independent supreme power ; it was subject to the Apostles or to their delegates.

The term chrismation is used because the recipient of the sacrament is anointed with Chrism, which according to eastern Christan belief, the Apostles sanctified and introduced for all priests to use as a replacement for laying on of hands by the Apostles and consists of a " mixture of forty sweet-smelling substances and pure olive oil " sanctified by a bishop with some older Chrism added in, in the belief that some trace of the initial Chrism sanctified by the Apostles is contained therein.

In the Eastern tradition, chrismation shows the unity of the church through the bishop in the continuation of the Apostolic faith, because the Chrism used is presented to the priest by the bishop and ( together with the antimension ) is the symbol of the priest's permission from the bishop to perform the sacraments ( see faculty ).