Likewise, in some jurisdictions, the state or prosecution may appeal an issue of law " by leave " from the trial court and / or the appellate court.

In some jurisdictions the mandate is known as the " remittitur ".

In some jurisdictions, courts able to hear appeals are known as an appellate division.

In some ways they represent a stronger opposition because they have the backing of many member provinces of the Anglican Communion and, in some cases, are or have been missionary jurisdictions of such provinces of the Communion as the Churches of Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda, and the Southern Cone of America.

Assault in some US jurisdictions is defined more broadly still as any intentional physical contact with another person without their consent ; but in the majority of the United States, and in England and Wales and all other common law jurisdictions in the world, this is defined instead as battery.

Aggravated assault is, in some jurisdictions, a stronger form of assault, usually using a deadly weapon.

In some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognized good reason for the assault.

In some jurisdictions such as Singapore, judicial corporal punishment is part of the legal system.

Furthermore, some jurisdictions, such as Ohio, allow residents in their homes to use force when ejecting an intruder.

Such judges decide, often when called upon by counsel rather than of their own motion, what evidence is to be admitted when there is a dispute ; though in some common law jurisdictions judges play more of a role in deciding what evidence to admit into the record or reject.

It is a crime in some jurisdictions.

Bicycle helmets may help reduce injury in the event of a collision or accident, and a certified helmet is legally required for some riders in some jurisdictions.

On the other hand, some other jurisdictions have sufficiently developed bodies of law so that parties have no real motivation to choose the law of a foreign jurisdiction ( for example, England and Wales, and the state of California ), but not yet so fully developed that parties with no relationship to the jurisdiction choose that law.

Many of these jurisdictions recognise customary law, and in some, such as South Africa the Constitution requires that the common law be developed in accordance with the Bill of Rights.

Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.

Graphic designs and industrial designs may have separate or overlapping laws applied to them in some jurisdictions.

Typically, a work must meet minimal standards of originality in order to qualify for copyright, and the copyright expires after a set period of time ( some jurisdictions may allow this to be extended ).

Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a civil law court, but there are also criminal infringement statutes in some jurisdictions.

Thus fines and noncustodial sentences may address the crimes seen as least serious, with lengthy imprisonment or ( in some jurisdictions ) capital punishment reserved for the most serious.

Items legally required in some jurisdictions, or voluntarily adopted for safety reasons, include bicycle helmets, generator or battery operated lights, reflectors, and audible signalling devices such as a bell or horn.

There are many professional bodies for accountants and auditors throughout the world ; some of them are legally recognized in their jurisdictions.

At the same time, all suggestions that some sort of societal responsibility existed for the welfare of the people within the territorial state was strongly resisted.

During the 1920's the Abstractionists, the German Bauhaus group of industrial designers, and the new architects all had the dream of some well ordered utopia, or welfare state, in which their neat and logical constructions might find their proper place.

Why, then, with these voluntary barricades and some state laws barring liquor ads, is it necessary to seek congressional action??

There was a time some years ago when local taxation by the cities and towns was sufficient to support their own operations and a part of the cost of the state government as well.

In the above development we have applied the thermodynamics of equilibrium ( referred to by some as thermostatics ) to the steady state.

Those who responded with an arm-elevation in the naive state did not change their reaction when told that there were some normal people who did not react in this fashion.

The state may decide to encourage local programs by paying half of the cost, or the state may require the local district to bear this half or some part of it.

The objective function, which is to be maximized, is some function, usually piecewise continuous, of the product state.

The bond issue will go to the state courts for a friendly test suit to test the validity of the act, and then the sales will begin and contracts let for repair work on some of Georgia's most heavily traveled highways.

The governor wrote Miss Grant that he has been concerned for some time `` with the continuous problem which confronts our local and state law enforcement officers as a result of the laws regulating Sunday sales ''.

In some parts of the country, however, a co-operative movement has begun to grow, under the wing of state governments, whereby, with the financial help of the state, libraries share their book resources on a county-wide or regional basis.

While both sexes state that kindness is the most preferable trait in a partner there is some evidence that men place less value on this than women and that women may not be more altruistic in presence of an attractive man.

The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic ; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.

They therefore reject the state, seeing it as an aggressive entity which steals property ( through taxation and expropriation ), initiate aggression, are a compulsory monopoly on the use of force, use their coercive powers to benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of others, create monopolies, restrict trade, and restrict personal freedoms via drug laws, compulsory education, conscription, laws on food and morality, and the like.

Because some have a prevision of the glory to come and others foretaste their suffering, the state of waiting is called " Particular Judgment ".

AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order matrix of bytes, termed the state, although some versions of Rijndael have a larger block size and have additional columns in the state.

Although some sources state that Ealdred attended the coronation of Emperor Henry IV, this is not possible, as on the date that Henry was crowned, Ealdred was in England consecrating an abbot.

In addition to being married to Jochebed, Amram is also described in the Bible as having been related to Jochebed prior to the marriage, although the exact relationship is uncertain ; some Greek and Latin manuscripts of the Septuagint state that Jochebed was Amram's father's cousin, and others state that Amram was Jochebed's cousin, but the Masoretic text states that he was Jochebed's nephew.

This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state.

The system has resulted in successful investigation and prosecution of a number of corrupt cadre including some very powerful party officials.

On 13 April 2005, Fiji's Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase, rejected criticism from Australia and some other countries over the prosecution and imprisonment of two foreigners charged with committing homosexual acts, which are illegal in Fiji, and said that other countries needed to respect Fiji's independence.

This was done at some personal risk for Pasteur, since he was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecution for treating the boy.

Should the court decide that there is probable cause, a formal charging instrument ( called the information in some jurisdictions ) will issue ; and the prosecution will continue.

In some jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the prosecution in a criminal trial must disclose all evidence to the defense.

Religious beliefs were deeply instilled in the people of the time, which gave much influence to the clergy, and the prosecution of poets who made statements contradictory to religious messages were prevalent, as was the case with Hafiz ( whose house was raided several times, and was forced to burn some of his more liberal poems ) and Ferdowsi ( who was branded a heretic and was not permitted to be buried in the Muslims graveyard ).

However, many whistleblowers report there exists a widespread " shoot the messenger " mentality by corporations or government agencies accused of misconduct and in some cases whistleblowers have been subjected to criminal prosecution in reprisal for reporting wrongdoing.

Torture is often difficult to prove, particularly when some time has passed between the event and a medical examination, or when the torturers are immune from prosecution.

For instance, in some state courts the prosecution can lodge an appeal after a defendant is acquitted: although the appellate court cannot set aside a not-guilty verdict due to double jeopardy, it can issue a ruling as to whether a trial court's ruling on a particular issue during the trial was erroneous.

Observers have speculated that Bukharin had reached some sort of agreement with the prosecution: while he admitted guilt to general charges, he undercut that by denying any knowledge when it came to specific crimes.

For some years prior to 1993, criminal prosecution had not been made for buggery between consenting adults.

The Attorney General has supervisory powers over the prosecution of criminal offences, but is not personally involved with prosecutions ; however, some prosecutions ( e. g. Riot ) cannot be commenced without his / her consent, and he / she has the power to halt prosecutions generally.

When Harpalus escapes and flees to Crete, Dinarchus writes the prosecution speeches against Demosthenes, Demades, Aristogiton, Philocles and other well-known politicians accused of misappropriating some of this money.

Although some systems, including the English and French, allow private persons to bring a criminal prosecution against another person, prosecutions are nearly always started by the state, in order to punish the defendant.

However, the prosecution argued that the defence of following orders was not sufficient, and that Papon bore at least some of the responsibility for the deportations.

Arkwright was paid royalties by those who had copied his machines, although some people risked prosecution by engaging in piracy.

Due to some of the circumstances of the prosecution and the underlying situation at the hospital, a special prosecutor with the Texas Attorney General's office became involved after the criminal prosecution against the two nurses ended.

The prosecution also used some new maps indicating Ashdown's location, but their accuracy was challenged by Delić, as the location of a village was different from other maps of the area.

New York residents now may acquire or modify rifles attaching what they believe to be muzzle brakes, but which at some point New York police or prosecutors may deem to be flash suppressors, resulting in arrest or prosecution for unwitting possession of a banned rifle.

The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was relevant to the Soviet atomic bomb project and some suggest Ethel was indicted along with Julius so that the prosecution could use her to pressure Julius into giving up the names of others who were involved.

Ninety percent of United States adults approve of Internet tracking systems of criminals, and 57 % are willing to forgo some of their personal internet privacy if it leads to the prosecution of criminals or terrorists.

Owners of listed buildings are, in some circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them and can face criminal prosecution if they fail to do so or if they perform unauthorised alterations.