By the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ), yellow, orange, white, and red-and-white colorations had been developed.

By the time of the Tang and Song dynasties ( 618 – 1279 ), people began to write in their vernacular dialects in the form of bianwen () and yulu (), and the spoken language was completely distinct from the still-maintained written standard of classical Chinese.

By 1279 it appealed to Edward I for funds, and the proposal to merge them with the Knights Templar seems to have arisen from their financial problems.

By 1279 it had moved to the Tower of London, and remained there the next 500 years, achieving a monopoly on the production of coins of the realm in the 16th century.

By means of the Treaty of Perpignan in 1279 an imbalance of power between the Kingdom of Aragon and the Kingdom of Majorca was created.

" By 1865 the Commission operated 18 " soldiers ' homes ," 11 " lodges ," and one " rest " in 15 states north and south ( for a list see Commission bulletin, 3: 1279 ).

By the Song Dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ), yellow, orange, white and red-and-white colorations had been developed.

By 1279 he annihilated the last resistance of the Song Emperors, and reunited the Empire under his new Yuan Dynasty.

By 1219, the empire had fallen to the Mongols, led by Genghis Khan.

By the middle of the 14th century, the power of the Mongols was declining, and the Grand Princes felt able to openly oppose the Mongol yoke.

By 1241, having conquered large parts of Russia, the Mongols continued the invasion of Europe with a massive three-pronged advance, following the fleeing Cumans, who had established an uncertain alliance with King Bela IV of Hungary.

By this time the Mongols had subjugated most of continental Asia.

By the late 16th century, the Mongols proved to be successful armed protectors of the Yellow Hat Dalai Lama after their increasing presence in the Amdo region, culminating in Güshi Khan's ( 1582 – 1655 ) conquest of Tibet in 1642.

By doing so he eliminated his rival, allowed the Russian Orthodox Church to move its headquarters to Moscow, and was granted the title of Grand prince by the Mongols.

By 1450, the Tatar language had become fashionable in the court of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasily II, who was accused of excessive love of the Tatars and their speech, and many Russian noblemen adopted Tatar surnames ( for example, a member of the Veliamanov family adopted the Turkic name " Aksak " and his descendents were the Aksakovs ) Many Russian boyar ( noble ) families traced their descent from the Mongols or Tatars, including Veliaminov-Zernov, Godunov, Arseniev, Bakhmetev, Bulgakov ( descendents of Bulgak ) and Chaadaev ( descendents of Genghis Khan's son Jagatay ).

By trading with Muslim states, Venice came to monopolise the spice trade in Europe between 1200 and 1500, through its dominance over Mediterranean seaways to ports such as Alexandria, after traditional overland connections were disrupted by Mongols and Turks.

By contrast the Solons and the Khamnigans ( Ewenkis of Transbaikalia ) had picked up horse breeding and the Mongolian deel from the Mongols.

By the time of Imam ' Ala al-Din Muhammad ’ s murder in 1255, the Mongols had already attacked a number of the Ismaili strongholds in Quhistan.

By 1237, the Mongols began encroaching upon their first Russian principality, Ryazan.

By the time that the Mongols reached Baghdad, their army included Cilician Armenians, and even some Frankish forces from the submitted Principality of Antioch.

By the time that the Mongols emerged in the thirteenth century, the only " Donghu people " who existed were the " Tu " in Western Xia.

By February 5 the Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall.

By all accounts, Genghis Khan treated Jochi as his first son, but a doubt always remained among the Mongols whether Temüjin or Chilger Bökh was the real father of Jochi.

By the unification of the Mongols in 1206, virtually all of Temujin's uncles and first cousins died, and from then on only the descendants of Yesugei Baghatur formed the Borjigid.

By the end of these battles, the Mongols had conquered the entire Pagan empire and installed a puppet government.

By 1243, at the Battle of Köse Dağ, the Mongols defeated the Seljuk Turks and became the new rulers of Anatolia, and in 1256, the second Mongol invasion of Anatolia caused widespread distruction.

By January 11, the Mongols had reached the vicinity of the city, establishing themselves on both banks of the Tigris River so as to form a pincer round the city, and Al-Musta ' sim finally decided to confront them, sending out a force of 20, 000 cavalry to attack the Mongols.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu.

By the time of the Eighth Doctor audio play Terror Firma ( set after Remembrance ), Davros is commanding a Dalek army which has successfully conquered the Earth.

By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty.

By accommodating the conquered people's gods, religion became more polytheistic and government became somewhat more secular ; the title of lugal, big man, appears alongside the earlier religious titles, although his primary duty is still the worship of the state gods.

By 141 BC the Parthians had established themselves as an empire, after the Seleucid model, and had conquered all of Iran and Mesopotamia.

By 650 Arab forces had conquered all of Persia, Syria, and Egypt.

By 1751, Ahmad Shah Durrani and his Afghan army conquered the entire present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Khorasan and Kohistan provinces of Iran, along with Delhi in India.

By this time Muslim invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms.

By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities.

By the early 19th century, Kanem-Bornu was clearly an empire in decline, and in 1808 Fulani warriors conquered Ngazargamu.

By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572.

By 961, Otto had conquered the Kingdom of Italy and extended the his Kingdom's borders to the north, east, and south.

By the end of the third war, after more than a hundred years and the loss of many hundreds of thousands of soldiers from both sides, Rome had conquered Carthage's empire and completely destroyed the city, becoming the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean.

By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula, having conquered and defeated the Sabines, the Etruscans, the Samnites and most of the Greek colonies in Sicily, Campania and Southern Italy in general.

By 1 June Richard had conquered the whole island.

By the 16th century, the Arab Saadi dynasty conquered the Songhai Empire based on the Niger River.

By the end of the 13th century most of the Prussian region, including Warmia, was conquered and Christianized by the Teutonic Order.

** March 26 – By the treaty of Almirra, the king of Aragon and prince of Castile come to an agreement on the attribution of Muslim lands to still to be conquered.

By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism.

By AD 47 Rome had invaded and conquered all of southernmost and southeastern Britain under the first Roman governor of Britain.

By 338 BC many of the key Greek cities had been conquered by Philip II of Macedon.

By the time the Romans conquered mainland Greece in the 2nd century BC they were importing Greek craftsmen to build major public buildings.