By the end of the Wars of Independence in the mid 14th century, Caerlaverock had been regained by the Maxwells, with Sir Robert Maxwell rebuilding much of the castle between 1373 and 1410.

By inheritance, the town went to Count Montbeliard in 1379, then to Louis de Chalon, Prince of Orange in 1410.

By 1410 he had married " only for love " ( Regiment ..., 1. 1561 ) and settled down to writing moral and religious poems.

By springtime, he was supported by a rich merchant syndicate under the patronage of Henry, Prince of Wales.

By rough estimate her Committee, headed by Henry Francis Du Pont, contains three times as many Republicans as Democrats.

Professor Henry Higgins sings, " Look at her, a prisoner of the gutters / Condemned by every syllable she utters / By right she should be taken out and hung / For the cold-blooded murder of the English tongue.

By the time of Henry IV, bargaining by the peasants for the benefit of the group was the norm.

By 1080, Henry had shown enough of a recalcitrant attitude that Gregory excommunicated him for good.

By 1525 Henry was infatuated with his mistress Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heiress presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne.

By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and the Spanish Infanta Constance of Castile.

By the mid-20th century many rhyming slang expressions used the names of contemporary personalities, especially actors and performers: for example " Gregory Peck " meaning " neck " and also " cheque "; " Ruby Murray " meaning " curry "; " Alans ", meaning " knickers " from Alan Whicker ; " Max Miller " meaning " pillow " when pronounced / ˈpilə / and " Henry Halls ".

By late 1166, and the birth of her final child, however, Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and her marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained.

By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.

By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented the Muslim land-based trade routes across the western Sahara Desert, and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal.

By the age of 16, Booth was interested in the theatre and in politics, becoming a delegate from Bel Air to a rally by the Know Nothing Party for Henry Winter Davis, the anti-immigrant party's candidate for Congress in the 1854 elections.

By the time of Henry II, these posts were increasingly being filled by " new men " from outside the normal ranks of the barons.

By 1857 he was so well-loved that his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote " The fiftieth birthday of Agassiz " in his honor.

By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks — this was on the Salt Route and a toll bridge.

By 1951 the work of Schaeffer, composer-percussionist Pierre Henry, and sound engineer Jacques Poullin had received official recognition and The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète, Club d ' Essai de la Radiodiffusion-Télévision Franglaise

By the time Mary was nine years old, it was apparent that Henry and Catherine would have no more children, leaving Henry without a legitimate male heir.

By this stage, Philip had managed to counter the ambitions of the count by breaking his alliances with Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Philip of Heinsberg, Archbishop of Cologne.

By 4 January 1912, the last two four-man groups had reached 87 ° 34 ′ S. Scott announced his decision: five men ( Scott, Edward Wilson, Henry Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans ) would go forward, the other three ( Teddy Evans, William Lashly and Tom Crean ) would return.

By the 19th century the philosophers Schopenhauer and Nietzsche could access the Indian scriptures for discussion of the doctrine of reincarnation, which recommended itself to the American Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson and was adapted by Francis Bowen into Christian Metempsychosis.

By the age of sixteen, Richard commanded his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father, King Henry II.

In the US, the new novels Moscow Club ( 1991 ) by Joseph Finder, Masquerade ( 1996 ) by Gayle Lynds, and The Unlikely Spy ( 1996 ) by Daniel Silva, and in the UK, A Spy By Nature ( 2001 ) by Charles Cumming and Remembrance Day ( 2000 ) by Henry Porter, maintained the spy novel in the post – Cold War world.

By the settlement of the Concordat of Worms, Henry V surrendered to the demands of the second generation of Gregorian reformers.

By this marriage, he became the brother-in-law of the future Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.

By the end of Philip IV's reign opposition to the fiscal reforms were growing.

By contrast, the estate models combined the Mk IV's bodyshell ( which was initially from the 1970 Ford Taunus ) with Mk V front body pressings.

By late 1944, Zimmerit was no longer being applied to German armored vehicles, and the Panzer IV's side-skirts had been replaced by wire mesh, while to further speed production the number of return rollers was reduced from four to three.

By this, he was invoking the terms of Baldwin IV's will, terms already broken by Guy and Sibylla: in the event of the death of his nephew Baldwin V it had been Baldwin's will that Baldwin V's " most rightful heirs " were to hold the regency until the succession could be settled by the King of England, the King of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor.

By 1099 David IV's power was considerable enough that he was able to refuse paying tribute to the Turks.

By Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, the Earl of March was an ancestor to King Henry VIII and to all subsequent monarchs of England.

By the time of Christian IV's death in 1648, Copenhagen had become Denmark's principal fortification and naval port, and the town formed a framework for the administration of the Danish kingdom and as a centre of trade in Northern Europe.

Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

By the end of the reign of Naram-Sin's son, Shar-kali-sharri ( 2217 – 2193 BC ), the empire had weakened.

By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the Ottoman Turks of Osman I and his son and heir Orhan.

By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign, the Qing Empire was at its zenith.

By the end of his reign, Diocletian had secured the entire length of the Danube, provided it with forts, bridgeheads, highways, and walled towns, and sent fifteen or more legions to patrol the region ; an inscription at Sexaginta Prista on the Lower Danube extolled restored tranquilitas at the region.

By 84, Domitia had returned to the palace, where she lived for the remainder of Domitian's reign without incident.

By the end of Alfred's reign in 899 he was the only remaining English king, having reduced Mercia to a dependency of Wessex, governed by his son-in-law Ealdorman Aethelred.

By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots were in a position to annexe the remainder of the western seaboard, which they did following Haakon Haakonarson's ill-fated invasion and the stalemate of the Battle of Largs with the Treaty of Perth in 1266.

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus ' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent.

By the reign of King James I & VI, the process was completed with the plantation of the last remaining princely domains in the province of Ulster.

The reign of Aurangzeb had marked the height of Mughal power, By 1690.

By the end of the reign of Cunincpert, however, the Lombards were more or less completely Catholicised.

The two stories agree on this point: Livy's version is: By this blood-most pure before the outrage wrought by the king's son-I swear, and you, O gods, I call to witness that I will drive hence Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, together with his cursed wife and his whole blood, with fire and sword and every means in my power, and I will not suffer them or any one else to reign in Rome.

By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire's population totaled about 15, 000, 000 people.

By 1887 during the next reign, King Chulalongkorn a permanent military command in the Kalahom Department was established.

By far the most dangerous threat to the Tudor dynasty during Elizabeth's reign was the Spanish Armada of 1588.

By the end of the king's long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns.

By the last years of Tamar's reign, the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the Middle Ages.

By the later part of the reign of Charles I, few new plays were being written for the public theatres, which sustained themselves on the accumulated works of the previous decades.

By the end of Henry VII's reign, the king's frugality, and Morton's tax policy, carried out by Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, had replenished the treasury.

By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand.

By the time of Elizabeth ’ s reign, gambling was a common sport.

By the end of Edgar's reign, England was sufficiently unified that it was unlikely to regress back to a state of division among rival kingships, as it had to an extent under Eadred's reign.

By the early 7th century, the official government language segued into Greek during the lengthy reign of Heraclius ( 610 – 641 ).