By the mid-13th century Emirate of Granada was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which would last until 1492.

By the end of the 15th century, Portugal expelled some local Jews, along with those refugees that came from Castile and Aragon after 1492.

By 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons ( 1492 – 1559 ) and his followers, the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest, or those followers of Huldrych Zwingli, were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg.

By 1492, the castle passed to Elizabeth Somerset, William Herbert's daughter, who married Sir Charles Somerset, passing the castle into a new family line.

By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides ; and an Irishman was the first European to set foot on American soil in Columbus ' expedition of 1492.

By 1492, trade had developed enough to warrant a special act imposed by Jan Olbracht.

By 1236 AD, the Reconquista was essentially completed and Europeans had retaken the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims, but the Emirate of Granada, a small Muslim vassal of the Christian Kingdom of Castile, remained in Spain until 1492 AD.

In 1492 the castle came into the possession of the Wyatt family By the mid-19th century it was derelict, but was restored in 1905 ; in 1951 it was taken over by the Carmelite order.

By the eleventh century a substantial Jewish community was present, surviving the reconquista until the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.

By subduing disparate lesser groups the nation has, to some degree at least, broadened the capacity for individual liberty.

By monitoring, we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers.

By reducing rates as much as 60 per cent, it and its associated railroads hope to win back some of the business they have lost to truckers and barge lines.

By permitting freshman students we might extend the opportunity for such a course to some individuals who otherwise might never get to take it.

By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By some estimates, this might account for most of the internal radiation damage, as the recoil nuclei are typically heavy metals which preferentially collect on the chromosomes.

Proof: By symmetry, it suffices to prove that there is some constant c such that for all bitstrings s

By providing extra storage this modification also allowed some games and applications intended for the BBC Micro to function on the Electron despite the lack of a native Mode 7.

By " art " we may frame several artistic " works " or " creations " as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible " art " outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as " art ".

" Caplan comments on the impact of the Supreme Court's decision making it necessary for there to be evidence of guilt in such a plea, " By requiring that there be some evidence of guilt in such a situation, the decision attempts to protect the ' really ' innocent from the temptations to which plea-bargaining and defense attorneys may subject them.

By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.

The album's title song received some pop radio airplay and crossed over to No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100, and " 1974 ( We Were Young )" and " Saved By Love " also charted as Adult Contemporary songs.

By offering to isolate her in Senex's house, he is able to give Philia and Hero some time alone together, and the two fall in love.

By 1867, it ballooned to over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana.

By 2011, 165 countries had signed the treaty and none are known-though some are still suspected-to possess any biological weapons.

By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

By 16: 00, Alexander and Swiftsure were also in sight, although some distance from the main British fleet, and Brueys gave orders to abandon the plan to remain at anchor and instead for his line to set sails, although Blanquet protested the order on the grounds that there were not enough men aboard the French ships to both sail the ships and man the guns.

By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10, 000 objects.

By the 1980s, many of Balsall Heath's houses were in a dilapidated condition, some were still without bathrooms or indoor toilets.

By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40, 000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics.

By contrast to statutory codification of common law, some statutes displace common law, for example to create a new cause of action that did not exist in the common law, or to legislatively overrule the common law.

By the middle of the decade, some of the 1950s generation of American comedians, such as Jerry Lewis, went into decline, while Peter Sellers found success with international audiences in his first American film The Pink Panther.

By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium.

By October the little colony about Fort Douglas ( present-day Winnipeg ) numbered 100.

By 100 Trajan was back in Rome as Emperor instead of merely being a Consul.

By the end of 1865, almost 100 clubs were members of the NABBP.

By then Jacob had become over 100 years old.

By managing the European and African populations as one-by strategic exports from Europe combined with in-situ transfers, gene-loss is reduced to 0. 72 % every 100 years with both populations remaining stable.

By 1950, there were only 100, 000 monolingual Bretons, and a rapid decline since, with likely no monolingual speakers left today.

By 1910 both factions together had fewer than 100, 000 members.

By 1914, around 100 people — men, women, and children — were living on Clipperton Island, resupplied every two months by a ship from Acapulco.

By this time large Chinese infantry-based armies of 100, 000 to 200, 000 troops were now buttressed with several hundred thousand mounted cavalry in support or as an effective striking force.

By in vitro measurement of the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity with an ORAC score of 9, 584 units per 100 g, cranberry ranks near the top of 277 commonly consumed foods in the United States.

By the age of seven, Plato began doing television commercials, reportedly appearing in over 100 spots for companies as diverse as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dole, and Atlantic Richfield.

By March 1774, the harsh treatment of settlers and their property by Allen and the Boys prompted Tryon to increase some of the rewards to £ 100.

By AD 100, Etruscan had been replaced by Latin.

By 1890, the village consisted of about 100 homes.

By the 3rd century, Caesarea had a population of about 100, 000.

By assuming the earth to be flat, they arrived at a distance of 100, 000 li, a value short by three orders of magnitude.

By 1775, Washington had doubled the size of Mount Vernon to, and had increased its slave population to over 100.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

By 1700, Chesapeake planters brought in about 100, 000 indentured servants, more than 75 % of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland.

By this process of " looping " or " somersaulting ", a hydra can move several inches ( c. 100 mm ) in a day.

By contrast, the U. S. admitted more than 100, 000 Vietnamese refugees for resettlement during the Vietnam War.

By the time Infocom removed the copy-protection and reduced the price to less than $ 100, it was too late, and the market had moved on to other database solutions.

By 1761 Reynolds could command a fee of 80 guineas for a full-length portrait ; in 1764 he was paid 100 guineas for a portrait of Lord Burghersh.

By contrast, a study of the jaguar in the Brazilian Pantanal region found average weights of 100 kg ( 220 lb ), and weights of or more are not uncommon in old males.