By 1518 guldiners were popping up everywhere in central Europe.

By 1518 there was also a sickhouse, and the town had an apothecary by 1697.

By 1516 Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518.

By the middle of the 19th century, the town had one ecclesiastical parish, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, founded by Manuel I of Portugal, and erected by the archbishop of Braga, Diogo de Sousa in 1518.

By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, little centralized power remained in Germany.

* 1502 10 July – By a Royal Warrant passed in Toledo by Isabella I of Castile, Gibraltar was granted its coat of arms: " An escutcheon on which the upper two thirds shall be a white field and on the said field set a red castle, and below the said castle, on the other third of the escutcheon, which must be a red field in which there must be a white line between the castle and the said red field, there shall be a golden key which hangs by a chain from the said castle, as are here figured ".

By January 1645 the Parliamentary forces in Coventry had strengthened their hold on the castle and attempts by Royalist forces to dislodge them from Warwickshire failed.

By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle without a fight.

By the time Gygax and Kuntz had stopped working on the original home campaign, the castle dungeons had encompassed fifty levels of maze-like passages and thousands of rooms and traps.

By 1770, the castle had fallen into disrepair, and many parts of it were demolished during the late 18th century and early 19th century.

By February, all Queen Mary's other supporters had surrendered to the Regent, but Grange resolved to resist, despite water shortages within the castle.

By 1376 a castle had been built at Glamis, since in that year it was granted by King Robert II to Sir John Lyon, Thane of Glamis, husband of the king's daughter.

By the time of the French Revolution the immense castle had been neglected for more than one hundred and thirty years, and the revolutionaries, determined to wipe out any symbol of the old nobility while enriching themselves, ransacked the castle and stole many of its statues, royal emblems and coats of arms.

By the end of the 19th century, the castle was abandoned and in near ruins.

By 1618, ownership of the castle passed to the Bethlen family.

By 1685, the castle passed into the possession of Michael Apafi, the pro-Habsburg Prince of Transylvania.

By the time of his execution in 1322, the castle was substantially complete.

By the Treaty of Andelot of 587, Childebert was recognised as Guntram's heir, and with his uncle's help he quelled the revolts of the nobles and succeeded in seizing the castle of Woëwre.

By 1960, the castle, which was open to visitors, had eight towers a guard room, bugle tower, castle yard, enclosed sun porch, modern kitchen, garage, dungeon, and a wishing well.

By the 15th and 16th century, the castle had fallen into disrepair although repairs were carried out during the Tudor period.

By 1888, Robert built a spectacular castle just east of Idle Hour called Pepperidge Hall, magnificently furnished in the French style for his young wife.

By the end of the 16th century, however, the castle fell into disrepair and after the final Howard owner, Theophilus, entered into financial difficulties the castle and the surrounding estates were sold off.

By this time, a castle-guard system was in place at Framlingham, in which lands were granted to local lords in return for their providing knights or soldiers to guard the castle.

By the end of the 13th century a large prison had been built in the castle ; this was probably constructed in the north-west corner of the Lower Court, overlooked by the Prison Tower.

By analogy, the church also has been regarded as entirely independent of the `` world '' in the sense of requiring nothing from it in order to be the church.

By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.

By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, largely as a result of church teachings on polygamy and theocracy.

By employing students Telemann took away a major resource for Kuhnau's choir ( and church music in Leipzig in general ); Kuhnau was also concerned that students were too frequently performing in operas, leaving them with less time to devote to church music.

By granting land to the abbotts and bishops he appointed, Otto actually made these bishops into " princes of the Empire " ( Reichsfürsten ); in this way, Otto was able to establish a national church.

By the mid-1780s, Rapp had begun preaching to the Separatists, his followers in Iptengen, who met privately and refused to attend church services or take communion.

By 1819 the Harmonites had built 150 log homes, a church, a community storehouse, barns, stables, and a tavern, along with thriving shops and mills, and cleared land for farming.

" By 1830, Smith reported that he had been instructed that God would use him to re-establish the true Christian church and that the Book of Mormon would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for the restored church.

By the 1760s hymns had become an established feature of religious devotion in the Evangelical church, where early ( post-Reformation ) hymns were versifications ( producing song-like verses from the original words of the psalms ) of the biblical text of the psalms, known as metrical psalms.

By extension the term parish refers not only to the territorial unit but to the people of its community or congregation as well as to church property within it.

By 1945, the church reported 210, 000 members in the US and Canada, and 360, 000 elsewhere ; the budget was $ 29 million and enrollment in church schools was 140, 000.

By 1973 the church had some presence in all 50 states and a few thousand members.

By the time of his marriage, William was able to arrange the appointments of his supporters as bishops and abbots in the Norman church.

By other scholars, however, the second element has been identified with the Celtic element-lan, signifying an enclosure or demarcated territory ( source of the Welsh word ' llan ', meaning a sanctuary or church ).

By these successes he gained the patronage of the Fuggers, and found himself fairly launched as the recognized apologist of the established order in church and state.

By the 19th century, the site of Tyndaris was wholly deserted, but the name was retained by a church, which crowned the most elevated point of the hill on which the city formerly stood, and was still called the Madonna di Tindaro.

By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole.

By 1635, it was apparent that Ussher had lost de facto control of the church to John Bramhall, Bishop of Derry, in everyday matters, and to Laud in matters of policy.

By 1700, the Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a smaller church at Awatovi.

By 1876, the Mansion House portion of the convento had been razed and replaced with a large Gothic Revival brick church, designed to serve the growing population of immigrants who were now making the Mission area their home.

By this time, the Catholic church had begun to speak against his government.