By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860, the Southern states were providing two-thirds of the world ’ s supply of cotton, and up to 80 % of the crucial British market.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By the mid-to-late 13th century, the Chinese had adopted the dogma of Neo-Confucian philosophy formulated by Zhu Xi.

By 1949, the CPC had established control over most of the country ( see Chinese Civil War ).

By the time of the Tang Dynasty five-hundred years after Buddhisms arrival into China, it had transformed into a thoroughly Chinese religious philosophy dominated by the school of Zen Buddhism.

By this time large Chinese infantry-based armies of 100, 000 to 200, 000 troops were now buttressed with several hundred thousand mounted cavalry in support or as an effective striking force.

By adopting the name Chung-cheng (" central uprightness "), he was choosing a name very similar to the name of Sun Yat-sen, who was ( and still is ) known among Chinese as Zhongshan ( 中山 — meaning " central mountain "), thus establishing a link between the two.

By 1880, almost a thousand Chinese people, " one for every five Caucasians ," lived in Carson City.

Taylor & Taylor ( 1995: 124 ) concluded, " By and large, Pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade-Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks.

By 1906, the total number of Chinese coolies had swelled to 50, 000, almost entirely recruited and shipped by CEMC.

By the Chinese Remainder Theorem, this ring factors into the direct product of rings of integers mod p. Now each of these factors is a field, so it is clear that the only idempotents will be 0 and 1.

By the turn of the 19th century, the company had become the largest of the ‘’ hongs ’’ or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan.

By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.

By 1921, small groups of Marxists existed in six Chinese cities: Shanghai, Peking, Changsha, Wuhan, Canton and Tsinan, with a further group having been founded by Chinese students in Paris.

By placing the prisoners under conditions of physical and social deprivation and disruption, and then by offering them more comfortable situations such as better sleeping quarters, better food, warmer clothes or blankets, the Chinese did succeed in getting some of the prisoners to make anti-American statements.

By the time of Mozi, Chinese rulers and the wealthier citizens already had the practice of extravagant burial rituals.

By contrast, neighboring Chinese leader Mao Zedong was mostly ignored and Kim Il-sung rejected most of his policies such as the Hundred Flowers Campaign and ( later ) the Cultural Revolution.

By the end of August 2006, statistics from the Ministry of Information Industry showed that there were more than 437 million mobile phone users in the Chinese mainland, or 327 mobile phones per 1, 000 population.

By the medieval Chinese dynasties, with the decline of chariot warfare, the use of the dagger-axe was almost nonexistent.

By 1954 an estimated 2, 500 Soviet naval advisers were in China — possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel — and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships.

By the end of the 17th century, the Chinese economy had recovered from the devastation caused by the wars in which the Ming Dynasty were overthrown, and the resulting breakdown of order.

By 28 BC, Chinese astronomers were regularly recording sunspot observations in official imperial records.

By then he had gained fluency in French, Chinese, Sanskrit, Pali, Japanese and English, in addition to his native Vietnamese.

By June 1598, The Japanese forces fought with desperation, turning back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon as the Ming army prepared for a final assault.

By 1920, Pan-Turkic Islamists had become a challenge to Chinese warlord Yang Zengxin ( 杨增新 ) who controlled Siankiang.

By 1900, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from Canton and Shanghai offered a simple ramen dish of noodles ( cut rather than hand pulled ), a few toppings, and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones.