By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By 1860 the Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California.

By June 19, 1788, he had presented himself to its Commander in Chief, the Governor of the Southern Provinces, the Director of the War College -- The Prince.

By far the most common found in Southern England was the Use of Sarum.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By 8500-7500 BC the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) culture developed out of the earlier local tradition of Natufian in Southern Palestine, dwelling in round houses, and building the first defensive site at Jericho ( guarding a valuable fresh water spring ).

By then distinctive cultures emerged, with pottery like the Halafian ( Turkey, Syria, Northern Mesopotamia ) and Ubaid ( Southern Mesopotamia ).

By 1979, the hardcore punk movement was emerging in Southern California.

By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula, having conquered and defeated the Sabines, the Etruscans, the Samnites and most of the Greek colonies in Sicily, Campania and Southern Italy in general.

By 1984, before the Southern Reach was closed, the number of passengers had declined to less than 60, 000 per year and the tonnage to less than 150, 000.

By the 1890s, many Southern states had strict voter eligibility laws, including literacy tests and poll taxes.

By 1875 the conservative white Southern opposition regained control of every state in the South and as he left the White House in March 1877 his policies were being undone.

By topography and other natural features, Ural is divided, from north to south, into the Polar ( or Arctic ), Nether-Polar ( or Sub-Arctic ), Northern, Central and Southern parts.

By the 1980s there appeared fiction written by Southern authors who themselves claimed a redneck or white trash origins, such as Harry Crews, Dorothy Allison, Larry Brown, and Tim McLaurin .. Autobiographies sometimes mention white trash origins.

By 1932, the facilities could accommodate one third of all African-American children in Southern U. S. schools.

By informally tying the Oregon boundary dispute to the more controversial Texas debate, the Democrats appealed to both Northern expansionists ( who were more adamant about the Oregon boundary ) and Southern expansionists ( who were more focused on annexing Texas as a slave state ).

By the end of the period three clearly defined tribal dialectical areas: Northern Estonia, Southern Estonia, and Western Estonia including the islands had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity.

By the conditions of the peace treaty, the Northern Court and the Southern Court were supposed to alternate control of the throne.

By the early 1990s, the combined Rio Grande / Southern Pacific Railroad had lost much of the competitive advantage that made it attractive to transcontinental shippers, and became largely dependent on hauling the high-quality coal produced in the mine fields of Colorado and Utah.

By 1953, the CB & Q, the Chicago and Eastern Illinois and the Southern Pacific railroads had joined the innovation.

By the 1850s, Arapaho bands had coalesced into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.

By the 1960s, the South West Region ( including Dorset, which for some previous purposes had been included in a Southern region ), was widely recognised for government administration and statistics.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, the city's population had reached 85, 050 in, making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States.

By December the new album, which was recorded at Southern Tracks Recording Studios in Atlanta, GA was recorded live, opposed to recording each instrument at separate times, and was produced by Brendan O ' Brien ( Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Rage Against the Machine, Stone Temple Pilots ) was completed and scheduled for release.

By spring of 410, he had captured the southern Yan capital at Guanggu, ending Southern Yan.

By the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period it was called Jiangning ( 江寧 ); in the Southern Song Dynasty the name of Jiankang was revived.