By the spring of 1863, he was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers.

By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General Lorenzo Thomas had recruited 20 regiments of blacks from the Mississippi Valley.

By December 1863 a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery absolutely was brought to Congress for passage.

By this work his reputation became firmly established, and he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1863.

By 1863, 22 lecture courses were held in Czech, the remainder ( out of 187 ) in German.

By 1862, the war was over and Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French Cochin-China, opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Cambodia ( which led to a French protectorate over Cambodia in 1863 ), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war.

By 1863, numerous former slaves were living on the fringe of the Union camp.

By the time British settlers arrived after 1863, most of these villages had been abandoned as the inhabitants were away fighting with the Kingitanga rebels further west in the battlefields of the upper Waipa river.

By 1863 they were selling the U. S. government " 520 bonds ".

By some definitions, the first supervillain was John Devil, a proto-Fantômas, created by Paul Féval, père in his eponymous 1860 novel, or Féval's nearly-immortal, machiavellian Colonel Bozzo-Corona, leader of Les Habits Noirs introduced in 1863.

By 1863 the East Gulf Blockade Squadron effectively closed the larger ports along the Gulf Coast.

By the early summer of 1863, the town had 300 buildings and a population of 5, 000.

By the time Vicksburg fell to the Union in 1863, most planters in the Lake Providence area had fled, leaving behind their vacant estates.

By 1863, Hazelton had 400 residents supported by an agricultural economy, with a post office, general store and three churches.

By April 1863, all traffic had ceased, and Stamford Corporation tried to sell the line at auction, but failed because their ownership of it was disputed.

By Chapter 52 of the Statutes of 1863 the Township of Chester in the County of Lunenburg was made a separate district for certain specified purposes.

By the winter of 1862 – 1863 there were 7, 000 unemployed operatives in the town.

By 1863 there were 750 empty houses in the town.

By 1863 a committee had been formed, and with aid from central government, land was purchased with the intention of employing local cotton workers to construct Alexandra Park, which opened on 28 August 1865.

By early 1863, Frank, ignoring his parole and oath of allegiance, had joined the guerrilla band of Fernando Scott, a former saddler.

By 1862 the war was over and Vietnam conceded three provinces in the south, called by the French Cochinchina, opened three ports to French trade, allowed free passage of French warships to Kampuchea ( which led to a French protectorate over Kampuchea in 1863 ), allowed freedom of action for French missionaries and gave France a large indemnity for the cost of the war.

By war's end, the Union had set up 100 contraband camps in the South, and the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony ( 1863 – 1867 ) was developed to be a self-sustaining colony.

By early 1863 Rhett has established himself as a friend of both women and a frequent visitor to their house.

By reducing tolls, the Aire and Calder managed to increase traffic from 179, 295 tons in 1855 to 291, 313 tons in 1863, but traffic gradually reduced after that, as railway links to the coalfields were built.

By 1851 the Eagle Station ranch located along the Carson River served as a trading post and stopover for travelers on the California Trail's Carson Branch which ran through Eagle Valley.

By the middle of the century, the population was bolstered by emigration from the Canary Islands, resettling the northern part of the colony and planting tobacco in the Cibao Valley, and importation of slaves was renewed.

By luck, these men found the Valley of Copiapó, where a Spaniard called Gonzalo Calvo Barrientos, a Spaniard whom Pizarro had expelled from Peru for stealing objects the Inca had offered for his ransom, had already established a friendship with the local natives.

By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Romans had secured the whole of the Italian peninsula, except Gallia Cisalpina ( Po Valley ).

By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.

By 2010 under one of the National Key Economic Areas ( NKEA ) and under the Government Transformation Programme ( GTP ), the federal government have announced to improve the public transport system by building a Mass Rapid Transit ‘”( MRT )”’ system in the Klang Valley / Greater KL.

By the end of the 18th century, the Kipsigis were living in the Rift Valley province of Kenya.

By the Middle Preclassic Period ( 900-300 BC ), Olmec artistic styles had been adopted as far away as the Valley of Mexico and Costa Rica.

By this time, people living in and around Kathmandu Valley ( irrespective of their ethnic origins ) were called " Newars " ( or " Nepa: mi " in " Newari " language meaning, the citizens of Nepal ).

By 1867, Buitoni Company in upper Tiber Valley became one of the most successful and well-known pasta manufacturers in the world.

By the end of the 1930s, Saks Fifth Avenue had a total of 10 stores, including resort locations such as Sun Valley, Mount Stowe, and Newport.

By the 12th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.

By late 2003, the state of California and the Santa Clara Valley Water District had confirmed a groundwater plume currently extending over nine miles through residential and agricultural communities.

By 1868, the Russians had annexed the Zarafshan Valley, and in 1873, the treaty turning Bukhara into a Russian protectorate was signed in Qarshi, much to the dismay of the Emir's son, Abdul Malik, who took to the hills in rebellion.

By the end of the 18th century, the town had become a popular centre for visitors undertaking the " Wye Tour ", an excursion by boat through the scenic Wye Valley taking in the picturesque sights of Ross-on-Wye, Goodrich, Tintern, Chepstow and elsewhere.

By 1933, the City owned 85 % of all town property and 95 % of all ranch and farm land in the Owens Valley, including Manzanar.

By 1840 the Hudson's Bay Company had three forts: Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ), Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley.

By the beginning of the 16th century, European sources noted the existence of the gold-rich states of Akan and Twifu in the Ofin River Valley.

By the late 19th century, explorers were uncovering ancient civilisations around the world, such as Egypt's Valley of the Kings, and the empire of Assyria.

By the end of World War II, when the GI's were demobilized and many came west, Van Nuys and the San Fernando Valley lived through a tremendous boom.

By 1717, more towns were established in northeastern Connecticut ( between the Quinebaug Valley and the Rhode Island border ) and added to New London County.

By right of conquest, the Iroquois ( especially the Seneca ) claimed the Ohio Valley as their hunting ground.

By the time European settlers arrived in the Shenandoah Valley around 1729, the Shawnee were the principal occupants in the area around Winchester.

By air, the county is served by Lehigh Valley International Airport near Allentown, Pennsylvania or Newark Liberty International Airport.