By the spring of 1917, many Black Hand leaders, including Apis, had been arrested.

By 1917, all but one of the males on Clipperton had died.

By 1917 Chaplin was also introducing more dramatic plot into his films, and mixing the comedy with sentiment.

By autumn 1917, in the power vacuum following the dissolution of parliament and in the absence of a stable government or a Finnish army, such forces began assuming a more military character.

By autumn 1917, however, these attempts at peaceful resolution had failed, and the power vacuum began to be filled by the paramilitary troops of the right and left.

By the time he opened his own furniture workshop in 1917, Rietveld had taught himself drawing, painting and model-making.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By 1917, this was extremely unpopular in Ireland due to heavy casualties on the Western Front.

By 1917, the population of Shcheglovo had grown to around 4, 000 people.

By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin, overshadowing the ambitious Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade, but whose star appeared to be fading.

By 1939, with the exception of Stalin himself, none of the original Bolsheviks of the October Revolution of 1917 remained in the Party.

By October 1917 there had been over four thousand peasant uprisings against landowners.

By 1917, the patriotism of World War I changed into political radicalism in most of Europe, the United States, and Australia.

However, in 1917, " Pelo Telefone " (" By Phone ") was recorded, and it is considered the first true samba.

By 1917, Russia and Germany stuck in a stalemate on the Eastern Front of World War I.

By January 1901 Pupin had been paid $ 200, 000 and by 1917, when the AT & T monopoly ended and payments ceased, he had received a total of $ 455, 000.

By 1917, Bulgaria fielded more than a quarter of its 4. 5 million population in a 1, 200, 000-strong army, and inflicted heavy losses on Great Britain ( Doiran ), France ( Monastir ), the Russian Empire ( Dobrich ) and the Kingdom of Romania ( Tutrakan ).

By June 1917 21 mines had been dug, filled with nearly of explosives.

By 1917, he was back in Vienna, able to focus on his artistic career.

By the end of June 1917, Lyapunov traveled with his wife to his brother's place in Odessa.

By 1917, no fewer than 19 distinct crater groups existed along the section of the front.

By March 1917, the German forces were aware that a major attack was imminent and would include operations aimed at capturing Vimy Ridge.

By nightfall on 12 April 1917, the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge.

By 1917 most of the work went into the construction of the UB III.

By keeping very cool relations to NATO, and to western military powers in general, Finland could fend off Soviet preludes for affiliation to the Warsaw Pact.

By January 1944, Germany had diplomatic relations with only a handful of countries: Argentina, Ireland, Vichy France, the Salo Republic in Italy, Occupied Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Switzerland, the Holy See, Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Thailand, Japan, and the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and the Wang Jingwei regime in China.

By that date, the following nations had deposited instruments of definitive adherence to the pact: Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Portugal, Romania, the Soviet Union, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Siam, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey.

By paying attention to the army, giving much freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861, he gained much popular support ( Finns still dearly remember him ).

By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Malaya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts.

By 2010, such parties ( albeit often significant differences between them ) were present in the national parliaments of Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and Greece.

By the end of 1918 the uncrowned monarch had abdicated and Finland had adopted a new republican constitution.

By 1981 Prestel International was available in nine countries, and a number of countries, including Sweden, The Netherlands, Finland and West Germany were developing their own national systems closely based on Prestel.

By the end of 1870, Great Britain, Finland, Switzerland and Württemberg joined the countries issuing postal cards.

By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809 Finland was ceded from Sweden and became an autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire.

By land it borders Troms county to the west, Finland ( Lapland ) to the south and Russia ( Murmansk Oblast ) to the east, and by water, the Norwegian Sea ( Atlantic Ocean ) to the northwest, and the Barents Sea ( Arctic Ocean ) to the north and northeast.

By the Treaty of Stolbovo on February 27, 1617 the tsar surrendered to the Swedish king the provinces of County of Kexholm and Ingria, including the fortress of Nöteborg ( later Schlusselburg ), the key to Finland.

By the time that the " tacit truce " had come to an end the Swedish forces were so demoralized that the mere rumour of a hostile attack made them retire panic-stricken to Helsinki ; and before the end of the year all Finland was in the hands of the Russians.

By the Treaty of Åbo 7 May 1743 the terms of the empress were accepted and only that small part of Finland which lay beyond the Kymi River was retained by Russia.

By special license from the king of Denmark he enjoyed for some time a monopoly of the fish trade between Iceland, Finland and England, and he also competed successfully with the Flemish merchants in the Baltic Sea, obtaining a large share of their business.

By that time, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland.

# By mining the Gulf of Finland Finland's navy together with the Kriegsmarine before the start of Barbarossa locked the Leningrad fleet in, making the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia practically domestic German waters, where submarines and navy could be trained without risks in addition of securing Finland's fundamental trade routes for food and fuel.

By that time, he held the unofficial title of First Gentleman of Finland.

A prime example of this usage would be from Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, who traditionally began his proclamations with his shortened ( but still long ) title: " We, Nicholas II, By the Grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera ".

By 2002, there were only 65651 Karelians in the Republic of Karelia ( 65. 1 % of the number in 1926, including the Karelian regions taken from Finland which were not counted in 1926 ), and Karelians made up only 9. 2 % of the population in their homeland.

By 1985 the network had grown to 110, 000 subscribers in Scandinavia and Finland, 63, 300 in Norway alone, which made it the world's largest mobile network at the time.

By the Treaty of Åbo May 7, 1743 the terms of the empress were accepted ; and only a small part which lay beyond the Kymi river, often called Old Finland, was retained by Russia.

By acquiring Hartwall in 2002, Finland ’ s leading beverage company business, S & N became 50 % owners of Baltic Beverages Holding ( BBH ) encompassing brewing interests in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Baltic Countries of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

By January 1983 the band was back on the road and were touring outside of the UK, Finland and Sweden, including Asia.