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Page "History of film" ¶ 127
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By and 1918
By late 1918, hundreds of Cheka committees had been created in various cities, at multiple levels including: oblast, guberniya (" Gubcheks "), raion, uyezd, and volost Chekas, with Raion and Volost Extraordinary Commissioners.
By March 1918, when the organization came to Moscow, it contained the following sections: against counterrevolution, speculation, non-residents, and information gathering.
By the spring of 1918, the commission had several teams.
By the end of January 1918, the Investigatory Commission of Petrograd Soviet ( probably same as of Revtribunal ) petitioned Sovnarkom to delineate the role of detection and judicial-investigatory organs.
By December 1918, he left his father's home to attempt to find a job in San Francisco, California.
By 1918 the use of the iris to begin and end sequences was starting to decrease in the United States, though in Europe it was just starting to become fashionable.
By 1918 we can find a shot of the sky being used to reflect the mood of one of the characters without specific explanation in The Gun Woman ( Frank Borzage ), but it must be emphasized that these examples are very rare, and did not either then, or within the next several years, constitute regular practice in the American cinema.
By the end of the war such films formed an appreciable but minor part of production: e. g. The Gun Woman ( F. Borzage, 1918 ) and Jubilo ( Clarence Badger, 1919 ).
By 1918, two French mathematicians, Pierre Fatou and Gaston Julia, though working independently, arrived essentially simultaneously at results describing what are now seen as fractal behaviour associated with mapping complex numbers and iterative functions and leading to further ideas about attractors and repellors ( i. e., points that attract or repel other points ), which have become very important in the study of fractals ( see Figure 3 and Figure 4 ).
By 1918, more than of road had been built or repaired through the corvée system, including a road linking Port-au-Prince to Cap-Haïtien.
By 1913 there were four planes, now including a British Sopwith and long term plans to create six naval air stations by 1918.
By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had a profound impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe and inflicting psychological and physical damage.
By 1909, the A's were wearing an elephant logo on their sweaters, and in 1918 it turned up on the regular uniform jersey for the first time.
By comparing the photographic plates of the Pleiades cluster taken in 1918 with images taken in 1943, van Maanen was able to identify those stars that had a proper motion similar to the mean motion of the cluster, and were therefore more likely to be members.
By October 1918, it had spread to become a worldwide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected about one-third of the world's population ( or ≈ 500 million persons ).
By 1918 a Clerget handbook advised that all necessary control was to be effected using the fuel and air controls, and the engine was to be stopped and started by turning the fuel on and off.
By 1918 the couple began to drift apart.
By 1918, Samoa had population of some 38, 000 Samoans and 1, 500 Europeans.
By early 1918, more than 200, 000 signatures were collected in favor of the Slovene People Party's proposal.
By 1918, both France and Britain had built prototype active systems.
By 1918 it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and remained so until 1941, apart from a brief period of six months in 1920 when Skopje was controlled by the Yugoslav Communist Party.
By 1918 60, 000 mares per year were bred to East Prussian stallions.
By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling Royal Air Force, newly formed from the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) and the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ), was about the same size of the pre-war army.
By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, and in 1918 the brothers opened the Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.

By and edges
By Euler's formula the number of faces (' F '), vertices ( V ), and edges ( E ) of any convex polyhedron are related by the formula " F + V-E "
By default, it appears on the bottom edge of the screen, but it can also instead be placed on the left or right edges of the screen if the user wishes.
By the end of 1942 the Allied navies had overcome most of the technological edges Japan's ships and planes had held at the start of the war.
By applying pressure against the snow with the inside edges of the skis speed is reduced, making turning in such a configuration and stopping completely possible.
By using a data structure such as a doubly linked list to maintain the set of unused edges incident to each vertex, to maintain the list of vertices on the current tour that have unused edges, and to maintain the tour itself, the individual operations of the algorithm ( finding unused edges exiting each vertex, finding a new starting vertex for a tour, and connecting two tours that share a vertex ) may be performed in constant time each, so the overall algorithm takes linear time.
By formulating MAX-2-SAT as a problem of finding a cut ( that is, a partition of the vertices into two subsets ) maximizing the number of edges that have one endpoint in the first subset and one endpoint in the second, in a graph related to the implication graph, and applying semidefinite programming methods to this cut problem, it is possible to find in polynomial time an approximate solution that satisfies at least 0. 940 ... times the optimal number of clauses.
By similar reasoning, the complete bipartite graph has no 2-basis: is four-dimensional, and each nontrivial vector in has nonzero coordinates for at least four edges, so any augmented basis would have at least 20 nonzeros, exceeding the 18 nonzeros that would be allowed if each of the nine edges were nonzero in at most two basis vectors.
By taking advantage of the frame-to-eye effects of a framerate higher than 60 frame / s, the GPU is able to better smooth aliased edges by rotating the anti-aliasing sampling pattern between frames.
By using both edges of the clock, the data signals operate with the same limiting frequency, thereby doubling the data transmission rate.
By the end of the 20th century, France once again was among the leading economic powers of the world, although by the year 2000 there already was some fraying around the edges: people in France and elsewhere were asking whether France alone, without becoming even more an integral part of a pan-European economy, would have sufficient market presence to maintain its position, and that worker security and those privileges, in an increasingly " Globalized " and " transnational " economic world.
By subdividing the cycle edges into two matchings, we can partition the Heawood graph into three perfect matchings ( that is, 3-color its edges ) in eight different ways.
By a result analogous to Fáry's theorem, any toroidal graph may be drawn with straight edges in a rectangle with periodic boundary conditions.
By the end of the 20th century, France once again was among the leading economic powers of the world, although by the year 2000 there already was some fraying around the edges: people in France and elsewhere were asking whether France alone, without becoming even more an integral part of a pan-European economy, would have sufficient market presence to maintain its position, and that worker security and those privileges, in an increasingly " Globalized " and " transnational " economic world.
By the episode " In Security ," the published book appears with the title " The Attraction Equation " and a dapper photo on the back cover of him holding a sculpture of a stellated icosidodecahedron with bevelled edges.
By the 1520s, the edges of the doublet met at the center front.
By 1055, the Seljuk Empire captured Baghdad and in the course of the early 11th century the Turks made their first incursions into the edges of Anatolia.

By and ordinary
By employing the well-established legal distinction between ordinary and hazardous work, the governor also won legislative approval for a Dangerous Trades Act that barred young workers from thirty occupations.
By the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city elite, who tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk – to the point that an abortive revolution took place in 1782.
By the same token, the hero of the high fantasy adventure is capable of completing it and settling down to ordinary life again.
By the later 1930s government began to intrude on ordinary Africans through marketing controls, stricter educational supervision, and land changes.
By the action of the Emperor Maximilian and of other German princes they were, in the 16th century, once more restricted to Westphalia, and here, too, they were brought under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts, and finally confined to mere police duties.
By some chosen technique such as ordinary least squares, a vector is chosen as an estimate of, and the estimate of the vector, denoted, is computed as
By contrast, an ordinary seamen in the Royal Navy received 19s per month to be paid in a lump sum at the end of a tour of duty which was around half the rate paid in the Merchant Navy.
By this agreement, reported at the trial of Essex by the Chamberlain's Men actor Augustine Phillips, the conspirators paid the company forty shillings " above the ordinary " ( i. e., above their usual rate ) to stage this play, which the players felt was too old and " out of use " to attract a large audience.
By 1860 Virginian author George Fitzhugh was using the " challenging phrase “ master race ”, which soon came to mean considerably more than the ordinary master-slave relationship ".
* By being one of the first historians to present Hitler as an ordinary human being rather than as a " madman ", Taylor helped to open the door to seeing Hitler as a human being, albeit one who held morally repellent beliefs.
By 1841 the rules of the new gentlemen's club at Ootacamund was to include: "... gentlemen of the Mercantile or other professions, moving in the ordinary circle of Indian society ".
* By declaring that the teachings of the Second Vatican Council contradict the Church's Tradition, they either repudiate the teaching of the First Vatican Council on the infallibility of even the ordinary and universal magisterium of the Pope and the bishops, or they implicitly deny that the Pope and bishops at the Second Vatican Council were truly the Pope and truly Catholic bishops.
By contrast, ordinary narrative documentation is more susceptible to drifting from the implementation of the program and will thus become outdated ( e. g., design changes, feature creep, relaxed practices in keeping documents up-to-date ).
By this time ordinary precautions were taken to prevent disaster but nothing was being done to guard against fire.
By the end of 1800, peace with France had been declared, and in 1801, to prevent a second disarmament of the Navy, the outgoing Federalist administration rushed through Congress an act authorizing a peacetime navy for the first time, which limited the navy to six active frigates and seven in ordinary, as well as 45 officers and 150 midshipmen.
By contrast, the U. S. allows as a deduction “ all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business ...” subject to qualifications, enhancements, and limitations.
By the 18th century four types of midshipman existed: midshipman ( original rating ), midshipman extraordinary, midshipman ( apprentice officer ), and midshipman ordinary.
By 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen.
By 1996, the Congregation was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries and today is assisted by over one million co-workers and many donations from ordinary people.
By anticipating to November 2009 the reimbursement of debt due in July 2010, Eurotunnel aimed to issue up to 119. 4 million new ordinary shares and thus shore up its capital while reducing its debt load.
By that time kilts and tartans were no longer ordinary Highland wear, ended by enforcement of the law and by the circumstances of the Highland clearances, but within two years Highland aristocrats set up the Highland Society of Edinburgh and soon other clubs followed with aims including promoting " the general use of the ancient Highland dress ".
By taking all prime ideals, one thus gets the whole collection of ordinary and generic points.
By one assessment, the Soviets had allowed ordinary military communications to flow through the cables to project the illusion that the Soviets had no aggressive intent against West Berlin.
By 1985, the people of Fiji were yearning for a third force in Fiji politics, as the opposition National Federation Party ( NFP ) was again falling apart and the right wing policies of the ruling Alliance Party had alienated it from the ordinary people.

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