By September 1940 the Suite had developed into a collection of six songs, `` four spirituals, a dream, and a lullaby ''.

By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries.

By the end of 1940 all of the Indian cavalry had been mechanised, receiving light tanks, armoured cars or 15cwt trucks.

By 1940 the CCC was no longer wholly a relief agency, rapidly losing its non-military character, and becoming a system for work-training as its ranks had become increasingly younger, with life-inexperienced enrollees.

By the late 1930s and the 1940s, Italian Fascism completely denounced capitalism as an obsolete and oppressive system, Mussolini in 1940 at the entry of Italy into World War II, said:

By the summer of 1940 Belgium had fallen to Germany along with most of Western Continental Europe.

By 1940, the institute had outgrown itself as more than just a small institute and was virtually functioning as an independent university.

By 1970, the city had a total area of approximately, more than five times its size in 1940.

By the end of 1940 the Luftwaffe had suffered heavy losses and needed to regroup.

By August 1940, the War Office produced training instructions for the creation and use of Molotov cocktails.

By 1940, the Navy had ordered seven more aircraft carriers and four cruisers.

By autumn 1940, after conquering its portion of Poland, the Third Reich shared an extensive border with USSR, with whom it remained neutrally bound by their non-aggression pact and trade agreements.

By 1940, Stalin began to relent, restoring approximately one-third of previously dismissed officers to duty.

By late 1940, German armies had swept through most of Western Europe.

By the time the war began, the number of members rose to 250, 000, and the Waffen-SS was formed in August 1940, expanding the earlier armed SS troops who had fought in Poland and France in 1939 – 40, to serve alongside the Wehrmacht, Germany's regular armed forces.

By 1940, the Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi ( Jowhar ) had a population of 12, 000 people, of whom nearly 3, 000 were Italian Somalians, and enjoyed a notable level of development with a small manufacturing area with agricultural industries ( sugar mills, etc.

By 1940 Schipol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles, all 1020 meters or less.

By February 1945, 73 % of children received milk in school, compared with 50 % in July 1940.

By 1945, roughly 33 % of all children ate at school compared with one in thirty in 1940, while those taking milk increased from about 50 % to roughly 75 %.

By 1940 multisection tubes had become commonplace.

Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows: By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1, 016, 200 By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1, 200, 00 By US War Dept in 1924: 1, 200, 00 killed and died A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated civilian 467, 000 deaths " attributable to war ", the primary cause being famine.

By 1940, only 3200 farmers had arrived to Ethiopia, less than ten percent of the Fascist regime's goal.

By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at Zwickau in Germany.

Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace By 1513 metallic zinc ingots from India and China were arriving in London and pellets of zinc condensed in furnace flues at the Rammelsberg in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.

By 1559 the Germany city of Aachen alone was capable of producing 300, 000 cwt of brass per year.

By the summer of 1944 the reversal of fortune was complete and Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces inflict crushing defeats on Germany through the aggressive use of armour, infantry and air power in combined strategic assault, known as deep operations.

By Dr. Patrick E McGovern, University of Pennsylvania archaeochemist and colleagues from China, Great Britain and Germany.

By contrast, the Fascist and Nazi regimes of Italy and Germany tended to confine their coercive activities to purely political aims, without any serious attempt to force the ideological conversion of their opponents.

By the terms of the agreement, the election of bishops and abbots in Germany was to take place in the emperor's presence as judge between potentially disputing parties, free of bribes, thus retaining to the emperor a crucial role in choosing these great territorial magnates of the Empire.

By the twelfth century great churches in Germany, like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By 1994, only its operations in Germany and the United Kingdom were still profitable.

By mid-1947, as East-West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up his hopes for cooperation with the Soviets and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

By that time the military and strategic situation of Russia had become more difficult due of the rise of Germany and Japan, and Russian central administration and the idea of Pan-Slavism had grown in Saint Petersburg.

By the beginning of the Civil War, Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had recognized Finnish independence.

By 1850 the German states were catching up, and by 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By contrast, East Germany renounced ties to the Nazi past, styling itself the " anti-fascist rampart " and proclaiming itself the first socialist state on German soil.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

By 1900 Germany was a world leader in industrialization, along with Britain and the United States.

By 1880, Germany had 9, 400 locomotives pulling 43, 000 passengers and 30, 000 tons of freight a day, and forged ahead of France.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

By 2010 there were about 4 million people of Turkish descent in Germany.

* By late 1923, the Weimar Republic of Germany was issuing two-trillion Mark banknotes and postage stamps with a face value of fifty billion Mark.

By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark, házená in the Czech Republic, hádzaná in Slovakia, gandbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.

By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, little centralized power remained in Germany.