By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army ( passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina ), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters.

By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present central bank twenty years later.

By late September 1945 the Thomases had left Wales and were living with various friends in London.

By June 1945, the RCA had pushed the FCC hard on the allocation of electromagnetic frequencies for the fledgling television industry.

By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for the Observer.

By September 1945, the Third Reich ( which lasted only 12 years ) and its Axis partners ( Italy and Japan ) had been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

By 1944 the UAP had effectively disintegrated and in 1945 Menzies formally established a new political party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and forged an enduring coalition with the Country Party.

By early 1945, the communists had liquidated, discredited, or driven into exile most of the country's interwar elite.

" By chance, a 35 mm nitrate composite master positive ( fine grain ) of the 1945 version survived.

By April 1945, Nazi Germany faced its last days with 1. 9 million German soldiers in the East fighting 6. 4 million Red Army soldiers while 1 million German soldiers in the West battled 4 million Western Allied soldiers.

By July 1945, Stalin's troops effectively controlled the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refugees were fleeing out of these countries fearing a Communist take-over.

By the beginning of 1945, with the Soviets on the Oder and the Western Allies preparing to cross the Rhine, Goebbels could no longer disguise the fact that defeat was inevitable.

By September 1945, Newman was appointed head of the Mathematics Department and to the Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics at the University of Manchester.

By May 1945, this work had advanced enough to allow the beginning of production of desperately needed Opel parts.

By 1945 there were about 60, 000 radio sets in the country.

By the end of 1945, the army numbered about 5, 000 and the gendarmerie some 3, 500.

By 1945, the church reported 210, 000 members in the US and Canada, and 360, 000 elsewhere ; the budget was $ 29 million and enrollment in church schools was 140, 000.

By February 1945, 73 % of children received milk in school, compared with 50 % in July 1940.

By executive order of President Harry S. Truman, the U. S. employed the uranium-type nuclear weapon code named " Little Boy " on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945, followed three days later by the detonation of the plutonium-type weapon code named " Fat Man " over the city of Nagasaki on August 9.

By the latter part of the decade, Barcelona began to emerge as a force when they were crowned champions in 1945, 1948 and 1949.

By the end of World War II, May 1945, over 3, 000 V-2s had been launched.

By April 1945, shipments of plutonium were headed to Los Alamos every five days, and Hanford soon provided enough material for the bombs tested at Trinity and dropped over Nagasaki.

By December 1945, six months after the war had ended, it was estimated by French authorities that 2, 000 German prisoners were still being killed or maimed each month in mine-clearing accidents.

By early 1945, Americans were becoming aware that something strange was going on.

By roughly the 1st century BC, the ancient kingdom of Buyeo also had mounted warriors.

By 1300, the Inuit and their language had reached western Greenland, and finally east Greenland roughly at the same time the Viking colony in southern Greenland disappeared.

By a final placitum issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western.

By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids.

By 1956, the city had grown to, and doubled in size over the next decade to its current size of roughly.

By these calculations, the portion of total biomass accounted for by humans would be very roughly 0. 6 %.</ ref >

By 1958, roughly four years after Schriever had initiated his ballistic missile program, SAC activated the 704th Strategic Missile Wing to operate first the intermediate range Thor missile and then a year later the first true ICBM, the Atlas missile.

By performing a splay operation on the node of interest after every access, the recently accessed nodes are kept near the root and the tree remains roughly balanced, so that we achieve the desired amortized time bounds.

By heating hydrogen balloons, large masses can be suspended underneath at roughly Earth gravity.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1: 00 pm, the two fleets were roughly facing each other, but sailing on opposite tacks.

By this estimate, 95 % of the population ( of roughly 13 million people, at the time ) remained with no vote, including all women.

By the time he wrote, roughly about the year 890, she was already married to Æthelred, then ealdorman of Mercia.

By 1630, Africans had replaced the Tupani as the largest contingent of labor on Brazilian sugar plantations, heralding equally the final collapse of the European medieval household tradition of slavery, the rise of Brazil as the largest single destination for enslaved Africans and sugar as the reason that roughly 84 % of these Africans were shipped to the New World.

By 1950, the number of cars and passengers carried on Silver City's cross-Channel services roughly doubled to 5, 000 and 24, 000 respectively.

By the end of the program in 1956, roughly 2. 2 million veterans had used the GI Bill education benefits in order to attend colleges or universities.

By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided the city roughly into two areas: The old part of the town – with its irregular building structures – and a newer City Center and station.

By the seventh century, Byzantine authority was largely limited to a diagonal band running roughly from Ravenna, where the Emperor's representative, or Exarch, was located, to Rome and south to Naples ( the " Rome-Ravenna corridor ").

By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km.

By roughly the 13th century, these developments gave rise to the Slovene language.

By the end of the 17th century, roughly 200, 000 Huguenots had fled France during a series of religious persecutions.

By 742, Carloman and Pippin had ousted their half-brother, Grifo and forced him into a monastery, and each turned his attention towards his own area of influence as major domo, Pippin in the West ( in what was called Neustria, roughly the Area between Nancy and Reims ) and Carloman in the East ( in what was called Austrasia, roughly what is now is the area between Bruges, Metz and Fulda ), which was the Carolingian base of power.