By 1986, the contras were besieged by charges of corruption, human-rights abuses and military ineptitude.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By the mid-1980s, her record sales were still relatively strong, with " Save the Last Dance for Me ", " Downtown ", " Tennessee Homesick Blues " ( all 1984 ); " Real Love " ( another duet with Kenny Rogers ), " Don't Call It Love " ( both 1985 ); and " Think About Love " ( 1986 ) all reaching the country-singles Top 10.

* Government By Emergency, 1986 ( revised in 1992 ) ISBN 0-930462-05-X

By 1986, a market study concluded that mothers with young children rarely purchased Jello.

By 1986, Moi had concentrated all the power-and most of its attendant economic benefits-into the hands of his Kalenjin tribe and of a handful of allies from minority groups.

By early 1986, the band was defunct and Hay was working on his first solo album, Looking for Jack, which would feature participation from Alsop and Wackerman.

By 1986 the system was complete to the point of being able to run on its own on the DEC VAX.

By the end of 1986, hard-currency debt had reached more than USD 1 billion.

By 1986, the party's position appeared to strengthen further with excellent local election results and a thorough rebranding of the party under the direction of Kinnock's director of communications Peter Mandelson.

By 1986, for the first time since World War II, women students outnumbered men.

By 1986 China had nearly 3 million telephone exchange lines, including 34, 000 long-distance exchange lines with direct, automatic service to 24 cities.

By late 1986 fiber optic communications technology was being employed to relieve the strain on existing telephone circuits.

By the end of the 2005 season, Clemens had won seven Cy Young Awards ( he won the AL award in 1986,,,,, and, and the National League award in ), an MVP and two pitching triple crowns.

By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario ( born Miriam Bartolini ), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara ( b. 1984 ), Eleonora ( b. 1986 ) and Luigi ( b. 1988 ).

" By 1986, however, the number of live births had declined to 806, 041.

By late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice.

By 1986, although still very much a minority sport, commercial snowboards started appearing in leading French ski resorts.

By 1986, outside organizations had begun asking for X. X10R2 was released in January 1986, then X10R3 in February 1986.

In Down By Law ( 1986 ) ( which in Italy had its title spelled " Daunbailò ", in Italian phonetics ) he played Bob, the innocent abroad, convicted for manslaughter, whose irrepressible good humour and optimism help him escape and find love ( also starring Braschi as his beloved.

By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream.

By 1985, the USFL had ceased football operations and he devoted all his time to arena football, and on April 27, 1986, his concept was realized when finally staged the test game.

By `` image '' is meant not only a visual presentation, but also remembered sensations of any of the five senses plus the feelings which are immediately conjoined therewith.

By distinguishing superlunary ( celestial ) and sublunary ( terrestrial ) existence, and reinforcing this with the four-element physics of Empedocles, Aristotle came to speak of the stars as perfect bodies, which moved in only a perfect way, viz. in a perfect circle.

By these measures, Congress, so the Court ( in effect ) now decides, gave not only needless but inadequate relief, since it now appears that the federal courts have inherent power to sterilize the Act of 1875 against all proceedings challenging local regulation ''.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By 1926, when the mighty Yanks were at their mightiest, only a few of these were left but they still shone brightest, even beside able and agile rookies like Tony Lazzeri ( who managed never to have one of his epileptic fits on the field ), Mark Koenig, Lou Gehrig, George Pipgras, and gray-thatched Earl Combs.

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.

By preserving the value, only one division operation is needed and the higher-order statistics can thus be calculated for little incremental cost.

By the 2005 series Australia's wins had increased to 115 whereas England's had increased to only 93 ( with 82 draws ).

By the Rule of St Benedict, which, until the Cluniac reforms, was the norm in the West, the abbot has jurisdiction over only one community.

Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

By 1073 there were only two Englishmen in episcopal sees, and by the time of William's death in 1089, there was only one, Wulfstan II of Worcester.

By 454, the Delian League could be fairly characterized as an Athenian Empire ; at the start of the Peloponnesian War, only Chios and Lesbos were left to contribute ships, and these states were by now far too weak to secede without support.

By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA's Twelve Traditions, guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity.

By adding a CRTC6845 to the package, a full hardware solution was created that did not reduce CPU performance and only used 1 kB of memory for the display.

By working very hard, one may be able to make this part 5 times faster, but this only reduces the time for the whole computation by a little.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By a further act of 1541 — which was not repealed until 1845 — artificers, labourers, apprentices, servants and the like were forbidden to play bowls at any time except Christmas, and then only in their master's house and presence.

By 1972, however, with only a minimum of work done on the I-95 right of way and none on the potentially massively disruptive Inner Belt, Governor Francis Sargent put a moratorium on highway construction within the MA-128 corridor, except for a short stretch of Interstate 93.

By the summer of 1912 Heelis had proposed marriage and Beatrix had accepted, although she did not immediately tell her parents who once again disapproved because Heelis was only a country solicitor.

By now the rebel forces were said to have numbered 230, 000, however, this number should be treated with scepticism — Dio's account is known only from a late epitome, and ancient sources commonly exaggerate enemy numbers.

By 24: 00 only Tonnant remained engaged, as Commodore Aristide Aubert Du Petit Thouars continued his fight with Majestic and fired on Swiftsure when the British ship moved within range.

By 1950, there were only 100, 000 monolingual Bretons, and a rapid decline since, with likely no monolingual speakers left today.

By the 1960s, " the Big Apple " was known only as an old name for New York.

By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army ( passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina ), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters.