By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions.

By the end of 1990 almost 15 million homes had been included in franchised areas, but only 828, 000 of these had been passed by broadband cable and only 149, 000 were actually subscribing.

By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $ 2 billion business, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues.

By 1990, after efforts by Wendy's agency, Backer Spielvolgel Bates, to get humor into the campaign, a decision was made to portray Thomas in a more self-deprecating and folksy manner, which proved much more popular with test audiences.

By 1990, floorball was recognized in 7 countries, and by the time of the first European Floorball Championships in 1994, that number had risen to 14.

By 1990, Chile had fulfilled Hayek's prediction by transitioning to a democratic state as established in the 1980 Constitution of Chile approved during the Pinochet regime.

By 1990 an additional five free zones were in operation in Omoa, Coloma, Tela, La Ceiba, and Amapala.

By 1990 the poorest parts of Malaysia were rural Sabah and Sarawak, which lagged significantly behind the rest of the country.

By 1990, income per capita in Japan equalled or surpassed that in most countries in the West.

By 1990 Japan's interaction with the vast majority of Asia-Pacific countries, especially its burgeoning economic exchanges, was multifaceted and increasingly important to the recipient countries.

By October, a first quarter 1990 release was envisaged.

By the middle of 1990, Taylor controlled much of the country, and by June laid siege to Monrovia.

By 1990 only a handful of Polonized Germans, prewar citizens of Liegnitz, remained of the pre-1945 German population.

By December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years.

By the time of Windows 3. 0's 1990 release, PCs had caught up in processing power and had acquired a graphical interface, and software titles began to see release on multiple platforms.

By November 1990, only four months later, the 5th Battalion had deployed and in early 1991 the 21st Guards Battalion had also been formed, four staff courses had been run, support weapons and logistics training was well advanced ( indeed a logistics battalion deployed as early as July 1990 ) and an operational test exercise had been conducted.

By a law that took effect in April 1990, the EPS became subordinate to President Chamorro as commander in chief.

By the end of 1989, the last hardline members of the party's Central Committee had either resigned or been pushed out, followed in 1990 by 95 % of the SED's 2. 3 million members.

By early 1990, the PDS was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party, though neo-marxist and communist minority factions continue to exist.

By the time of the Twenty-Eighth Party Congress in July 1990, the CPSU was regarded by liberals and nationalists of the constituent republics as anachronistic and unable to lead the country.

By 1990 the government had virtually lost control over economic conditions.

By late 1990, Phish's concerts were becoming more and more intricate, often making a consistent effort to involve the audience in the performance.

By the 1850s when they first came into sustained contact by outside groups, there were estimated 7, 000 Adamanese, divided into the following major groups:

By 2003 in the US, an estimated 3. 21 million patients received antipsychotics, worth an estimated $ 2. 82 billion.

By 1975 when the Khmer Rouge took power, it was estimated at 7. 3 million.

By the early 20th century, radiometric dating allowed the Earth's age to be estimated at two billion years.

By 1993, 50 to 60 percent of the Honduran labor force was estimated to be either underemployed or unemployed.

By 1914, Hoover was an extremely wealthy man, with an estimated personal fortune of $ 4m He was once quoted as saying " If a man has not made a million dollars by the time he is forty, he is not worth much ".

By 1914, the problem had grown to the point where an estimated one U. S. citizen in 400 ( 0. 25 %) was addicted to some form of opium.

By the 21st century, an estimated 80 million people worldwide claim some Irish descent ; among them are 41 million Americans who claim " Irish " as their primary ethnicity.

By 1938, an estimated 20 individuals remained in the wild, some 6-8 of which were located in the old-growth forest called the Singer Tract in Louisiana, where logging rights were held by the Chicago Mill and Lumber Company.

By 2050, there is an estimated $ 25 trillion average inheritance transmitted across generations.

By 1993 the Aral Sea had lost an estimated 60 % of its volume, in the process breaking into three unconnected segments.

By the mid-1990s, an estimated 60 % of the republic's pastureland was in various stages of desertification.

By the fifth to 4th centuries BC, the island had grown to an estimated population of over 120, 000 ( two to three times the estimated population in 2005 ), and based on the huge necropoli at the main city of Chios, the asty, it is thought the majority lived in that area.

By 2002, the United Nations estimated that three million people, or one in five people of the Mano River Union countries, were displaced.

By 1989, it accounted for an estimated 34 % of material products, compared to 18 % from agriculture.

By 1976, Milken's income at what was now Drexel Burnham Lambert was estimated at $ 5 million a year.

By 2000, taking into account penalties and accrued interest, North Korea's debt was estimated at USD 10 – 12 billion.

By 2012, North Korea's external debt had grown to an estimated US $ 20 billion despite Russia reportedly writing off about $ 8 billion of debt in exchange for participation in natural resources development.

By matching the main sequence on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram for a cluster at a known distance with that of a more distant cluster, the distance to the more distant cluster can be estimated.

By 2025, the figure is estimated to be 4, 000.

By the mid-1980s, observers estimated there were between 300, 000 and 350, 000 Brazilians in the eastern border region.

By 1954 an estimated 2, 500 Soviet naval advisers were in China — possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel — and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships.