By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the 18th century an increasing number of new plants had arrived in Europe from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide and a larger number of plants became available for study.

By the 18th century, the area from Sambas to Berau were tributaries to the Banjar Kingdom, but this eventually shrunk to the size of what is now South Kalimantan as a result of agreements with the Dutch.

By the 18th century, they were printed in white letter or roman type and often without much decoration ( as well as tune title ).

By the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Hungary, and Austria brought the empire under central control.

By the early 18th century, this initial portrayal was rejected by the Dominicans and Franciscans, creating a dispute among Catholics in East Asia that was known as the " Rites Controversy ".

By the middle of the 18th century, " casuistry " became a synonym for moral laxity.

By the 18th century, the cello had largely replaced other mid-sized bowed instruments.

By the 18th Congress there were only 31 members of the Central Committee, and of these only two were reelected.

By the 18th century, map-makers started to give credit to the original engraver by printing the phrase " After original cartographer " on the work.

By the early 18th century, the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland, but it had not yet spread to rural areas.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the early 18th century, other publishers began to issue collections of dances as well ; a conservative estimate of the number of dances in the English style published between 1651 and 1810 would run to around 20, 000.

By the 18th century, a similar use was applied to harnesses or equipment used with horses.

By the beginning of the 18th century, the name " Grenada ", or " la Grenade " in French, was in common use.

By the 18th century, the term had gained its now common usage in France, and had begun to be used to refer purely to books of magic, which Owen Davies presumed was because " many of them continued to circulate in Latin manuscripts.

By the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city elite, who tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk – to the point that an abortive revolution took place in 1782.

By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the breeding range of the Great Auk was restricted to Funk Island, Grimsey Island, Eldey Island, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and St. Kilda Island.

By the 18th century there was a square at the centre of the town, flanked by the town hall, a public gaol housing prisoners from all over the Lordship of Biscay, a hospital and a poor-house for local people.

By the end of the 18th century, three definitions of the gallon were in common use:

By the end of the 18th century, the tobacco industry in Virginia had been completely ruined by soil exhaustion and low prices.

By the start of the 18th century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire.

By the 18th century there were five universities in Scotland, at Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews and King's and Marischial Colleges in Aberdeen, compared with only two in England.

By the 18th century, it had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the peshwas ( prime ministers ).

By her eighteenth birthday her bent for writing was so evident that Papa and Mamma gave her a Life Of Dickens as a spur to her aspiration.

By 1857 he was so well-loved that his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote " The fiftieth birthday of Agassiz " in his honor.

By her thirteenth birthday she had acquired Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, German, Latin, and was referred to as the " Walking Polyglot ".

The album also included the controversial song and video " By the Time I Get to Arizona ," which chronicled the black community's frustration that some US states did not recognize Martin Luther King Jr .' s birthday as a national holiday.

* For Guralnick, birthday bash starts the Elvis bandwagon rolling By Clarissa Sansone, March 2002.

By the time of his fiftieth birthday in July 1898, Grace had developed a somewhat corpulent figure and had lost his former agility, which meant he was no longer a capable fielder.

For his 75th birthday … By David Sanson et Pierre Yves Macé In Mouvement Musique Action, Cahier Spécial, May 18 – 29, 2005, p. 10-12

By the summer of 1997, the Playhouse celebrated its 50th birthday with a record breaking season, and at long last air-conditioning was installed in 2004. http :// www. fbplayhouse. com / history. htm

By 64 he was bedridden and shortly after his birthday he died.

By contrast, Bob's father is a paranoid, drunken wreck who mistakes his son and his friend for Central Intelligence Agency operatives, and chases them away with a shotgun when they visit him on his birthday.

By Armistice Day he was celebrating his 17th birthday yet remarkably had already joined the U. S. Army and risen to the rank of Lieutenant.

By November 1972, Rajaji's health had begun to decline and on 17 December the same year, a week after his 94th birthday, he was admitted to the Government Hospital, Madras suffering from uraemia, dehydration and a urinary infection.

By working backwards from the start of his ministry, some scholars estimate the year 28 AD to be roughly the 32nd birthday of Jesus and his year of birth to be around 6-4 BC.

By 2008, it was reported separately that Susan Berg, president of Global Music Group, bid on the label at auction for $ 24 million, and that Warner had topped her bid by reiterating its $ 25 million dollar offer, but neither sale went through ; questions regarding Knight's financial status surfaced when he sued Kanye West over a shooting / robbery at the rapper's birthday party.

By her 15th birthday Anna Swan was measured at just over tall.

By the time he reached his 21st birthday, Gooden had already accumulated 928 strikeouts between both the minor and major leagues.

By 1983, before her 21st birthday, Austin was virtually finished as a top ten player.

By the time of the septuplets ' tenth birthday in 2007, the family was declining most requests for interviews, other than annual stories with KCCI and Ladies ' Home Journal.

By North Carolina law, he had to step down in 2006, after his 72nd birthday.

By his tenth birthday, the boy's name was changed to Edward Britt Husing.

By May 1943, Goerdeler was well aware that Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, General Heinz Guderian and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt had accepted 250, 000 Reichmark cheques as birthday presents from Hitler that were intended to bribe them into loyalty, and that in addition, Guderian had received an estate in Poland.

By the end of the late Republic, the Parilia became associated with the birthday of Rome.

According to Cope, the three friends first talked about forming a band on McCulloch's 18th birthday, 5 May 1977, during The Clash's White Riot tour date at Eric's ; " By the end of the evening, we were a group.

By that time, Wooden was in failing health and could not attend ; he passed away three weeks later, slightly more than four months before his 100th birthday.