By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, a code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior.

By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced whence comes Ancient Greek and then Late Latin.

By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or Paleolithic, and Late Stone Age, or Neolithic ( neo = new ), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute.

By the Late Republican era, increasing competition among the competitive military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire ensured that triumphs became more frequent, drawn out and extravagant, prolonged in some cases by several days of public games and entertainments.

By the Late Eocene ( 46 million years ago ), the three modern suborders had already developed: Suina ( the pig group ); Tylopoda ( the camel group ); and Ruminantia ( the goat and cattle group ).

By the Late Republic era, Bona Dea's May festival and Aventine temple could have fallen into official disuse, or official disrepute.

By 1851 the " Chaumont suite " of early-16th century Late Gothic tapestries with subjects of courntry life emblemmatic of the triumph of Eternity, closely associated with Chaumont and now at the Cleveland Museum of Art, was still hanging in the " Chambre de Catherine de Médicis "; the tapestries had been cut and pieced to fit the room.

By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent, and referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes (" three ").

By Late Antiquity, some Gnostic and Neoplatonist thinkers had expanded this syncretic equation to include Aion, Adonis, Attis, Mithras and other gods of the mystery religions.

By 1930, he had branched out into writing with works such as A Murder Has Been Arranged and The Late Christopher Bean.

By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendar system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Maya culture.

By the Late Roman period, notarius came to denote registrars attached to the courts of provincial governors, secretaries of emperors, and the highest class of officials in the privy council and the imperial chancery.

By the Late Republic, manus marriage had become rare, and a woman remained legally a part of her birth family.

* By the Late Middle Ages most European crossbows employed a windlass as a cocking mechanism, which helped to pull heavier crossbows, but were used in England as early as 1215.

By the 1860s, Hughes had grown disenchanted with the materialism of Late Victorian England.

By then end of the Late Woodland period, about 1000, the Miller culture area was absorbed into the succeeding Mississippian culture.

By the Late Triassic, ichthyosaurs consisted of both classic Shastasauria and more advanced, " dolphin "- like Euichthyosauria ( Californosaurus, Toretocnemus ) and Parvipelvia ( Hudsonelpidia, Macgowania ).

By, canids had spread to Africa ( Early Pliocene ) and South America ( Late Pliocene ).

By the Late Middle Ages ( circa 1300 onward ), Latium, the heartland of the Roman Empire, and southern Italy, was poorer than the north.

By 1958, Liberty was close to bankruptcy when Ross Bagdasarian, Sr. convinced them that they might as well press singles of " The Chipmunk Song ( Christmas Don't Be Late )" with the leftover vinyl pucks and labels in their warehouse.

By the end of the Late Cycladic sequence ( ca.

By the Late Classic ( Monte Albán IIIB / IV, ca.

By the High and Late Medieval Era, the Irish annals were listing native musicians, such as the following:

By the time of Classical Antiquity and the Parthian and Sassanid Empires in Iran, iron swords were common.

By the Iron Age, with the associated developments in religion ( the Axial Age ), human sacrifice was becoming less common throughout the Old World, and came to be widely looked down upon as barbaric already in pre-modern times ( Classical Antiquity ).

By that time it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, but Lyell drew on new findings in his Antiquity of Man to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past.

By contrast, the Aramaic language came to be the lingua franca of the entire Fertile Crescent, by Late Antiquity developing into the literary languages such as Syriac and Mandaic.

By constraining his choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity, Jean Racine showed himself one of the Ancients.

By Late Antiquity ( c. 3rd-7th century CE ) the Greeks referred to themselves as Rhomaioi (" Romans " () or Romioi ()) since virtually all Greeks were Roman citizens after 212 CE.

By tradition, a red wine should be served at approximately room temperature -- if anything a little cooler -- and be aged enough for the tannin and acids to have worked out and the sediment have settled well.

By seeking close alliances with powerful noble families, Alexios put an end to the tradition of imperial exclusivity and coopted most of the nobility into his extended family and, through it, his government.

By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By the Himalayan tradition, phowa ( Tibetan ) is the discipline that transfers the mindstream to the intended body.

By this point in his career, Vertov was clearly and emphatically dissatisfied with narrative tradition, and expresses his hostility towards dramatic fiction of any kind both openly and repeatedly ; he regarded drama as another " opiate of the masses ".

By the later 2nd century, it was accepted that the celebration of Pascha ( Easter ) was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition.

By local tradition, this commemorates the date the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva.

By ancient tradition, Basques, and indeed other peoples in Medieval Europe, held assemblies under a tree, usually an oak, to discuss matters affecting the community.

By then he was strongly influenced by the great composers of the Italian Baroque and the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition.

By 8500-7500 BC the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A ( PPNA ) culture developed out of the earlier local tradition of Natufian in Southern Palestine, dwelling in round houses, and building the first defensive site at Jericho ( guarding a valuable fresh water spring ).

By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated are allowed to use their monarchical titles as a courtesy for the rest of their lives.

By tradition, the pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish, though archaeology has suggested some official settlement as landed mercenaries as early as the 3rd century.

By the turn of the 20th century, the heyday of individualist anarchism had passed, although aspects of the individualist anarchist tradition were later revived with modifications by Murray Rothbard and his anarcho-capitalism in the mid-20th century, as a current of the broader libertarian movement.

By the late 2nd century, the tradition was held by most Christians.

By the 1880s the tradition of England-Australia cricket tours was well established, with a total of eight Tests having been played, five of them at the MCG, two at the Sydney Cricket Ground and one at The Oval in London.

By tradition the territory was conferred on the heir to the throne to govern during his apprenticeship.

By tradition, before a new Prime Minister can enter 10 Downing Street for the first time as its occupant, they are required to announce to the country and the world that they have ' kissed hands ' with the reigning monarch, and thus have become Prime Minister.

By adopting this Responsum, the CJLS found itself in a position to provide a considered Jewish-law justification for its egalitarian practices, without having to rely on potentially unconvincing arguments, undermine the religious importance of community and clergy, ask individual women intrusive questions, repudiate the halakhic tradition, or label women following traditional practices as sinners.

By inter-religious pluralism, we mean the views held within one major faith tradition ( e. g., Christianity ) about the validity or truth of other major faith traditions ( e. g., Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, etc .).

By tradition:

By tradition, he was born in what is now Nakamura-ku, Nagoya ( situated in contemporary Aichi District, Owari Province ), the home of the Oda clan.

By the 16th century, a tradition had developed based on observational incidents, true or false, that the black objects found widely scattered in large quantities over Europe had fallen from the sky during thunderstorms and were therefore to be considered generated by lightning.