By the mid-eleventh century, Wales was united under Gruffudd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, until his death in 1063.

By 1278 to 1282 his own sons were also engaged in Welsh border hostilities, attacking the lands of Llywelyn the son of Gruffydd ap Madog.

By 1276 Llywelyn had been declared a rebel by the new King Edward I who was determined to be the master of the whole island of Great Britain.

By this time, St. Werburh was regarded as the protector and patron saint of the city, after the supposed miraculous withdrawal of the Welsh king Gruffudd ap Llywelyn from a siege of the city.

By 1277, Edward's armies had captured the Isle of Anglesey, and were encamped at Deganwy ; the settlement, the Treaty of Aberconwy, forced Llywelyn to acknowledge Edward as his sovereign, and stripped him of much of his territory.

By 1200 Owain Gwynedd's grandson Llywelyn Fawr ( the Great ) ap Iorwerth ruled over all of Gwynedd, with England endorsing all of Llywellyns holdings that year.

By 1271, Prince Llywelyn II could claim a growing population of about 200, 000 people, or a little less than three-quarters of the total Welsh population.

By this time the young nephew of Rhodri and Dafydd, Llywelyn the Great had begun to put pressure on his uncles.

By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the Ottoman Turks of Osman I and his son and heir Orhan.

By the Second Lateran council of 1139, at which King Roger II of Sicily, Innocent II's most uncompromising foe, was excommunicated, peace was at last restored to the Church.

By the time Antiochus II's son Seleucus II Callinicus came to the throne around 246 BC, the Seleucids seemed to be at a low ebb indeed.

Also, while there are complaints of contemporaries regarding William II's personal behaviour, he was instrumental in assisting the foundation of Bermondsey Abbey, endowing it with the manor of Bermondsey ; and it is reported that his " customary oath " was " By the Face at Lucca!

By 957, Otto II's older brothers Henry ( born 952 ) and Bruno ( born 953 ) had died, as well as Otto I's son from his first wife Eadgyth, the Crown Prince Liudolf, Duke of Swabia.

By 982 the entire area once ruled by Pandulf had collapsed, weakening Otto II's position against the Byzantines.

Keywords: World War II's returning veterans and the home / family culture of the 1950s, " transition from the traditional, visiting couple type of dancing into all-four-couple-working kind of dancing in the 1950s " ( Herb Egender ), the amplifier, phonograph, square dance records, Square Dancing Magazine ( formerly Sets in Order ), Step By Step Through Modern Square Dancing ( Jim Mayo )

By 1908, public pressure and diplomatic manoeuvres led to the end of Leopold II's rule and to the annexation of the Congo as a colony of Belgium, known as the Belgian Congo.

By now, Owain's enemies had joined Henry II's camp, enemies such as his wayward brother Cadwaladr and in particular the support of Madog of Powys.

By the end of Charles II's reign, most of Castile was in the hands of a select few landowners, the largest of which by far was the Church.

By April 6, a million people had seen Pope John Paul II's remains lying in state in St. Peter's Basilica.

By the end of Henry II's reign, royal income recorded in the Pipe rolls had risen to £ 20, 000.

By that time, the powers of Parliament had silently expanded, and George II's power was perhaps equal only to that of Parliament.

By 1982 fashions had changed again, so that the year of Pope John Paul II's apostolic voyage to Britain also saw the Newman organising a " Boaters and Bloomers " event-a prize being offered for the " best Brideshead dress ".

Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I of England, wished to start from Elissabet Anglorum Regina ( Elizabeth Queen of the English ), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria ( By thy sword shalt thou reign in great renown ); he explains carefully that H is " a note of aspiration only and no letter ", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS.

By the end of the reign of Naram-Sin's son, Shar-kali-sharri ( 2217 – 2193 BC ), the empire had weakened.

By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign, the Qing Empire was at its zenith.

By the end of his reign, Diocletian had secured the entire length of the Danube, provided it with forts, bridgeheads, highways, and walled towns, and sent fifteen or more legions to patrol the region ; an inscription at Sexaginta Prista on the Lower Danube extolled restored tranquilitas at the region.

By 84, Domitia had returned to the palace, where she lived for the remainder of Domitian's reign without incident.

By the end of Alfred's reign in 899 he was the only remaining English king, having reduced Mercia to a dependency of Wessex, governed by his son-in-law Ealdorman Aethelred.

By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots were in a position to annexe the remainder of the western seaboard, which they did following Haakon Haakonarson's ill-fated invasion and the stalemate of the Battle of Largs with the Treaty of Perth in 1266.

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus ' displayed an economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in the western part of the continent.

By the reign of King James I & VI, the process was completed with the plantation of the last remaining princely domains in the province of Ulster.

The reign of Aurangzeb had marked the height of Mughal power, By 1690.

By the end of the reign of Cunincpert, however, the Lombards were more or less completely Catholicised.

The two stories agree on this point: Livy's version is: By this blood-most pure before the outrage wrought by the king's son-I swear, and you, O gods, I call to witness that I will drive hence Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, together with his cursed wife and his whole blood, with fire and sword and every means in my power, and I will not suffer them or any one else to reign in Rome.

By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire's population totaled about 15, 000, 000 people.

By 1887 during the next reign, King Chulalongkorn a permanent military command in the Kalahom Department was established.

By far the most dangerous threat to the Tudor dynasty during Elizabeth's reign was the Spanish Armada of 1588.

By the end of the king's long reign, rich Baroque designs were giving way to lighter elements with more curves and natural patterns.

By the last years of Tamar's reign, the Georgian state had reached the zenith of its power and prestige in the Middle Ages.

By the later part of the reign of Charles I, few new plays were being written for the public theatres, which sustained themselves on the accumulated works of the previous decades.

By the end of Henry VII's reign, the king's frugality, and Morton's tax policy, carried out by Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, had replenished the treasury.

By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand.

By the time of Elizabeth ’ s reign, gambling was a common sport.

By the end of Edgar's reign, England was sufficiently unified that it was unlikely to regress back to a state of division among rival kingships, as it had to an extent under Eadred's reign.

By the early 7th century, the official government language segued into Greek during the lengthy reign of Heraclius ( 610 – 641 ).