By now the rebel forces were said to have numbered 230, 000, however, this number should be treated with scepticism — Dio's account is known only from a late epitome, and ancient sources commonly exaggerate enemy numbers.

By 1000 BC ancient civilizations were using technologies that formed the basis of the various branches of chemistry such as ; extracting metal from their ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

By roughly the 1st century BC, the ancient kingdom of Buyeo also had mounted warriors.

By ancient tradition, Basques, and indeed other peoples in Medieval Europe, held assemblies under a tree, usually an oak, to discuss matters affecting the community.

By analogy with the ancient Greek term for agriculture, geoponics, the science of cultivating the earth, Gericke coined the term hydroponics in 1937 ( although he asserts that the term was suggested by W. A. Setchell, of the University of California ) for the culture of plants in water ( from the Greek hydro -, " water ", and ponos, " labour ").

By the 1970s, the ideas of canals and ancient civilizations had to be abandoned.

By the late ancient period, however, the " traditionalist " Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed.

By the human interest with which he imbues all his scenes from ancient life he brings them within the scope of modern feeling, and charms us with gentle sentiment and playfulness.

By his naming the blade " Sting " we see Bilbo's acceptance of the kinds of cultural and linguistic practices found in Beowulf, signifying his entrance into the ancient world in which he found himself.

By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men ( to prevent the possibility of sedition by private armies ), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or " wise men ".

By taking samples from different sites and different strata within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence that becomes a part of the scientific record ; for example, ancient timbers found in buildings can be dated to give an indication of when the source tree was alive and growing, setting an upper limit on the age of the wood.

By the 4th century, the Thracians had a composite indigenous identity, as Christian " Romans " who preserved some of their ancient pagan rituals.

By the 19th century, the site of the ancient city was wholly desolate, with the exception of a solitary guardhouse, and the ground for the most part thickly overgrown with shrubs and low brushwood ; but the remains of the walls could be distinctly traced throughout a great part of their circuit.

By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens.

By bringing Chrysoloras to Florence, Salutati made it possible for a select group of scholars ( including Bruni and Vergerio ) to read Aristotle and Plato in the original ancient Greek.

By consequence, the constellation is no longer visible from subtropical northern latitudes, as it was in the time of the ancient Greeks.

By the late 19th century, explorers were uncovering ancient civilisations around the world, such as Egypt's Valley of the Kings, and the empire of Assyria.

By the 15th century Moscow principality ( or Muscovy ) established its sovereignty over a large portion of ancient Rus territory, including Novgorod, Pskov, and parts of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl principalities.

By the sixteenth century Assiswork had become more popular and employed a wider range of motifs, many based on Renaissance imagery of satyrs, demons and ancient mythical creatures.

By the late 10 century, the name Varna was established so firmly that when Byzantines wrestled back control of the area from the Bulgarians in the 970's, they kept it rather than restoring the ancient name Odessus.

By the earlier 20th century, both were created Urban District Councils ( UDC ), as was Foots Cray ( an ancient village site ).

By driving west from Fredericktown on Highway 72 and looking further west, one can witness a rare geological oddity: the fossilization not just of a plant or animal, but of an entire very ancient landscape.

By the " Metaphysical " phase, he referred not to the Metaphysics of Aristotle or other ancient Greek philosophers.

By pairing the two dimensions, Eysenck noted how the results were similar to the four ancient temperaments.

By comparison, Stone Harbor bird sanctuary's allies seem less formidable, for aside from the Audubon Society, they are mostly the snowy, common and cattle egrets and the Louisiana, green, little blue and black-crowned herons who nest and feed there.

By dealing with common landscape in an uncommon way, Roy Mason has found a particular niche in American landscape art.

By Nov. 8, 1958, weakness, specifically involving the pelvic and thigh musculature, was pronounced, and a common complaint was `` difficulty in stepping up on to curbs ''.

By 800 B.C. the Aegean was an area of common tongue and of common culture.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By far the most common found in Southern England was the Use of Sarum.

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By contrast to statutory codification of common law, some statutes displace common law, for example to create a new cause of action that did not exist in the common law, or to legislatively overrule the common law.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

By 1910, the profession, " chemical engineer ", was already in common use in Britain and the United States.

By far, the most common is in diameter, with a 74-or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MB ( 737, 280, 000 bytes ) data capacity.

By the end of that decade, calculator prices had reduced to a point where a basic calculator was affordable to most and they became common in schools.

By the early 18th century, the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland, but it had not yet spread to rural areas.

By the 8th century, the common Germanic language of Scandinavia, Proto-Norse, had undergone some changes and evolved into Old Norse.

By 2005, large parts of W3C DOM were well-supported by common ECMAScript-enabled browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer version 6 ( 2001 ), Opera, Safari and Gecko-based browsers ( like Mozilla, Firefox, SeaMonkey and Camino ).

By encouraging clarity on the active subject that " does " or wants or believes something, and disallowing passive constructions about the state of affairs ( a common use of " to be "), E-Prime makes it more difficult to hide assumptions in statements about The Other or equivalent constructions such as " they " or " most people " or " the public " or " the taxpayer ".

By comparing mitochondrial DNA which is inherited only from the mother, geneticists have concluded that the last female common ancestor whose genetic marker is found in all modern humans, the so-called mitochondrial Eve, must have lived around 200, 000 years ago.

By the start of the fourteenth century the word appeared in English texts, indicating all three senses: the most common one, the legal term and the archaic usage.

By far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ), although various species are found on almost every continent.