By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By subduing disparate lesser groups the nation has, to some degree at least, broadened the capacity for individual liberty.

By monitoring, we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers.

By reducing rates as much as 60 per cent, it and its associated railroads hope to win back some of the business they have lost to truckers and barge lines.

By permitting freshman students we might extend the opportunity for such a course to some individuals who otherwise might never get to take it.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By some estimates, this might account for most of the internal radiation damage, as the recoil nuclei are typically heavy metals which preferentially collect on the chromosomes.

Proof: By symmetry, it suffices to prove that there is some constant c such that for all bitstrings s

By providing extra storage this modification also allowed some games and applications intended for the BBC Micro to function on the Electron despite the lack of a native Mode 7.

By " art " we may frame several artistic " works " or " creations " as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible " art " outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as " art ".

" Caplan comments on the impact of the Supreme Court's decision making it necessary for there to be evidence of guilt in such a plea, " By requiring that there be some evidence of guilt in such a situation, the decision attempts to protect the ' really ' innocent from the temptations to which plea-bargaining and defense attorneys may subject them.

By this time Naples seems to have become tired of his music ; the Romans, however, appreciated it better, and it was at the Teatro Capranica in Rome that he produced some of his finest operas ( Telemaco, 1718 ; Marco Attilio Regolò, 1719 ; La Griselda, 1721 ), as well as some noble specimens of church music, including a mass for chorus and orchestra, composed in honor of Saint Cecilia for Cardinal Acquaviva in 1721.

The album's title song received some pop radio airplay and crossed over to No. 96 on the Billboard Hot 100, and " 1974 ( We Were Young )" and " Saved By Love " also charted as Adult Contemporary songs.

By offering to isolate her in Senex's house, he is able to give Philia and Hero some time alone together, and the two fall in love.

By 1867, it ballooned to over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana.

By 2011, 165 countries had signed the treaty and none are known-though some are still suspected-to possess any biological weapons.

By the turn of the 21st century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street.

By 16: 00, Alexander and Swiftsure were also in sight, although some distance from the main British fleet, and Brueys gave orders to abandon the plan to remain at anchor and instead for his line to set sails, although Blanquet protested the order on the grounds that there were not enough men aboard the French ships to both sail the ships and man the guns.

By 1866 the collection consisted of some 10, 000 objects.

By the 1980s, many of Balsall Heath's houses were in a dilapidated condition, some were still without bathrooms or indoor toilets.

By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40, 000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks along supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics.

By contrast to statutory codification of common law, some statutes displace common law, for example to create a new cause of action that did not exist in the common law, or to legislatively overrule the common law.

By the middle of the decade, some of the 1950s generation of American comedians, such as Jerry Lewis, went into decline, while Peter Sellers found success with international audiences in his first American film The Pink Panther.

By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium.