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By encoding information about the number into the order of the numerals, subtractive notation transformed the Roman numeral system from a variation of a unary numeral system which used alphabetic characters to represent groupings of tally marks ( a position-independent counting system ).
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By and encoding
By the end of 1990, most of the work on mapping existing character encoding standards had been completed, and a final review draft of Unicode was ready.
By early 1992 the search was on for a good byte-stream encoding of multi-byte character sets.
By encoding the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception.
By using a higher sampling frequency, a multiple of the 44. 1khz used by CD encoding, it can employ a filter with much lower requirements.
By encoding and decoding sound information on a number of channels, a 2-dimensional (" planar ", or horizontal-only ) or 3-dimensional (" periphonic ", or full-sphere ) sound field can be presented.
By 2003 yEnc has become the de facto standard encoding system for binary files on Usenet.
By the late 90s, the encoding problem had been almost completely resolved, due to increasing support from software manufacturers and Internet service providers.
By using a zig-zag ordering to group the non-zero entries and run length encoding, the quantized matrix can be much more efficiently stored than the non-quantized version.
By the time the first CD-I products where launched in 1992, using the MPEG-1 standard for video, development of MPEG-2 technology was well under way for the upcoming DVD technology, which used a red laser for encoding more than eleven times as much information on a disk of the same size as a CD, which used a yellow laser.
By and information
By monitoring, we mean some system of control over the types of information sent from the various centers.
By that time it was commonly agreed that patent warfare was sapping constructive achievement and blocking the free exchange of technical information.
By secretly giving inside information to the Komnenoi, Maria was an invaluable ally.
By controlling information flow through biochemical signalling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.
By March 1918, when the organization came to Moscow, it contained the following sections: against counterrevolution, speculation, non-residents, and information gathering.
By contrast, non-digital ( or analog ) systems represent information using a continuous function.
By the late 20th century, the rapid development and convergence of information and telecommunications technologies gave rise to an ICT industry on the island along with many incentives provided by the government.
By late 1997, however, search engine providers realized that information stored in elements, especially the attribute, was often unreliable and misleading, and at worst, used to draw users into spam sites.
By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe ( Joubert and Bevers, 1996 ).
By contrast, in vivo experiments on proteins ' activities within cells or even within whole organisms can provide complementary information about where a protein functions and how it is regulated.
By October he had created a network of spies and informers for intelligence-gathering purposes and to obtain information to be used as blackmail to further political aims.
By allowing the establishment of geological timescales, it provides a significant source of information about the ages of fossils and the deduced rates of evolutionary change.
By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.
By comparison, under US law, " A trade secret, as defined under ( 3 ) ( A ), ( B ) ( 1996 ), has three parts: ( 1 ) information ; ( 2 ) reasonable measures taken to protect the information ; and ( 3 ) which derives independent economic value from not being publicly known.
By tradition, no information is given about the total number of entries for each competition.
By understanding their abstract properties, one obtains information about all these constructions and can avoid repeating the same analysis for each individual instance.
By providing this information on the intranet, staff have the opportunity to keep up-to-date with the strategic focus of the organization.
By contrast, non-digital ( or analog ) systems use a continuous range of values to represent information and in these systems the exact informational size of 1 Bd varies.
By taking information per pulse N in bit / pulse to be the base-2-logarithm of the number of distinct messages M that could be sent, Hartley constructed a measure of the gross bitrate R as:
By establishing a connection at the beginning of such a data exchange the components ( routers, bridges ) along the network path would be able to pre-compute ( and hence cache ) routing-related information, avoiding re-computation for every packet.
* By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator must have a reference signal to compare the received signal's phase against ; or
* By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information — differential schemes, some of which do not need a reference carrier ( to a certain extent ).
By and about
By the time they reach that age, however, Aristotle no longer worries about the evil influence of comedies.
By the time he was under the covers he had forgotten about seeing Kate.
By the time the film was released we were three million dollars over-spent, war was imminent and the public apparently had forgotten all about Mother Cabrini.
By airline from Concord to Burlington is a distance of about 150 miles, counting a slight deviation for the stop at either Barre or Montpelier.
By October the little colony about Fort Douglas ( present-day Winnipeg ) numbered 100.
By fall, 443 survivors of this arduous journey were clustered about Fort Snelling, but most of them were sent on to Galena and St. Louis, with a few going as far as Vevay, Indiana, a notable Swiss center in the United States.
By the 1970s the authors of volumes such as Reinventing Anthropology worried about anthropology's relevance.
By 1980 the infrequency of sightings of Mount Ararat, which looms about sixty kilometers across the Turkish border, became a symbol of worsening air pollution in Yerevan.
By the end of 2010, Armenia ’ s external debt is projected to form about 42 percent of GDP, and 50 percent in 2012.
By this time, Selkirk had grave concerns about the seaworthiness of this vessel.
By the time mission control issued the wake-up call to the crew for flight day two, the spacecraft was approximately away from the Earth, traveling at about.
By using the palette to mask the top area of the display and taking care about when it changes mode it can shift the continuous graphics at the bottom of the display down in two pixel increments because the internal display counter is not incremented on blank scanlines during non-continuous graphics modes.
By about 1400 the full harness of plate armour had been developed in armouries of Lombardy Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armour.
By 2007, national branches of the Anthroposophical Society had been established in fifty countries, and about 10, 000 institutions around the world were working on the basis of anthroposophy.
By the late 1960s, the area of LAFTA had a population of 220 million and produced about $ 90 billion of goods and services annually.
By working with Motorola, AMD was able to refine copper interconnect manufacturing to the production stage about one year before Intel.
* Stephen Kuusisto wrote about his experiences as a visually impaired person in Planet of the Blind, and his upcoming memoir, Eavesdropping: A Life By Ear.
By finding how similar two protein sequences are, we acquire knowledge about their structure and therefore their function.
By volume, the red blood cells constitute about 45 % of whole blood, the plasma about 54. 3 %, and white cells about 0. 7 %.
" By about 15: 00 the Swiss had been pushed out of the village into the marshes beyond.
By the summer of 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by about 11, 000 Japanese of the 14th Infantry Division with Korean and Okinawan laborers.
By the time Esther was written, the foreign power visible on the horizon as a future threat to Judah was the Macedonians of Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persian empire about 150 years after the time of the story of Esther ; the Septuagint version noticeably calls Haman a " bully " ( βουγαῖον ) where the Hebrew text describes him as an Agagite.
By 1908, there was widespread concern about the decline of salmon and sturgeon.
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