By the 11th century some Hausa states-such as Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir-had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of various goods.

By exploring ideas about Roman loyalty, Greek deceit, and differences in ethnicity, “ Plautus in a sense surpassed his model .” He was not content to rest solely on a loyal adaptation that, while amusing, was not new or engaging for Rome.

By engaging in their work, a shaman is exposed to significant personal risk, from the spirit world, from enemy shamans, or from the means employed to alter the shaman's state of consciousness.

By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to " tap into " the " well-developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities.

* By engaging the Israelis directly, rather than relying on the authority or the assistance of neighboring Arab states, Palestinians were able to demonstrate their identity as a separate nation worthy of self-determination.

By 1913 only France and Germany had developed field guns suitable for engaging balloons and aircraft and addressed issues of military organization.

By engaging scholars, students, and members of the labor community, the program coordinates legal, educational, and cultural activities designed to improve the quality of work life.

By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.

By the time of the Lawrence decision, nine states − Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia − still banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and four − Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri − prohibited same-sex couples from engaging in anal and oral sex.

By February 15, Riel freed the remaining prisoners on parole to refrain from engaging in political agitation.

By engaging in teachings from Odeen, she also concludes on her own the supernova problem that Lamont uncovered in the first section ; outraged that the Pump is allowed to continue to operate, despite the fact that it will eventually result in the destruction of another civilization, she attempts to put a stop to the project.

By engaging local communities and changing behaviour Rare has been able to launch campaigns to protect areas in most need of conservation.

By using crude oil futures contracts to hedge their fuel requirements ( and engaging in similar but more complex derivatives transactions ), Southwest Airlines was able to save a large amount of money when buying fuel as compared to rival airlines when fuel prices in the U. S. rose dramatically after the 2003 Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina.

By " playing ," he meant not only the ways that children of all ages play, but also the way adults " play " through making art, or engaging in sports, hobbies, humor, meaningful conversation, et cetera.

By ratifying Buford's defensive plan and engaging his I Corps infantry, Reynolds essentially selected the location for the Battle of Gettysburg for Meade, turning a chance meeting engagement into a massive pitched battle, committing the Army of the Potomac to fight on that ground with forces that were initially numerically inferior to the Confederates that were concentrating there.

By 1943 the Home Guard operated its own dedicated batteries of anti-aircraft guns and rockets plus coastal defence artillery as well as engaging German planes with their machineguns.

By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7, 000-strong guerilla force had wrested control of some parts of central and northern Mozambique from the Portuguese authorities and was engaging a Portuguese force of approximately 60, 000 soldiers.

By the middle of the 60s, Fort & Hairston had pulled together 21 other local street gangs, thus becoming the dominant gang on Chicago's South Side, engaging in numerous criminal activities while maintaining a political activist facade.

By engaging our nation ’ s young people in service learning, Learn and Serve America instills an ethic of lifelong community service.

By May, 70 civil actions had been filed against Putnam for allegedly engaging in improper trading.

By virtue of his accessible characters and engaging plots, Garis was one of the most influential children's authors of his day.

By engaging in prolonged copulations a male has an increased opportunity to place more sperm within the female's reproductive tract and prevent the female from copulating with other males.

By mid-morning obervers were engaging massed German infantry but these pressed forward and reached just east of Hamel.

By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates ' friends, including the Thebans Cebes and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death.

* The Double Metaphone Search Algorithm, By Lawrence Phillips, June 1, 2000, Dr Dobb's, Original article

By the time Zhou began attending, it had adopted the educational model used at Phillips academy in the United States.

By 2002, when Phillips suffered from the onset of Alzheimer ’ s disease, her daughter Jeanne had assumed all the writing responsibilities of Dear Abby.

By this agreement, reported at the trial of Essex by the Chamberlain's Men actor Augustine Phillips, the conspirators paid the company forty shillings " above the ordinary " ( i. e., above their usual rate ) to stage this play, which the players felt was too old and " out of use " to attract a large audience.

By the mid-1960s, Phillips rarely recorded.

By the start of 1974, Phillips was an acting Captain when he was appointed a Personal Aide-de-Camp to Queen Elizabeth II.

By now the show had proved a hit, and several notable stars appeared in later productions, including Leslie Phillips, Miranda Richardson, Lionel Jeffries, Nicholas Parsons, Peter Capaldi, Kate Bush, Richard Vernon, Ruby Wax, Graham Crowden, Paul McCartney, Ozzy Osbourne, Lemmy, Elvis Costello, and Benjamin Zephaniah ( as a Rastafarian police van driver ) and several musical acts, particularly from the Bad News series which was also aided by Queen guitarist Brian May, such as Def Leppard and Marillion.

By the middle of the decade Phillips was chronically addicted to drugs.

By 1907 he was Assistant General Solicitor and married Anna Tucker Phillips.

By design, Torx head screws resist cam-out better than Phillips head or slot head screws.

By the next year he and Phillips had joined the Lord Chamberlain's Men / King's Men.

By the turn of the century, a mail coach was operating between London and Hubberston, and in 1800 the short lived Milford and Pembrokeshire Bank was established by Thomas Phillips, operating from a branch in the town.

By 1890 Stanley Gibbons wished to retire and the business was sold to Charles Phillips for £ 25, 000.

By 1968 and into the mid-1970s, the nascent network included users at other schools and institutions around the East Coast ( including Goddard College, Phillips Andover and the U. S. Naval Academy ), connected with Teletype Model 33 machines and modems.

By Paul Jenkins and Sean Phillips

By the late 1990s Phillips was an establishment figure in most aspects of the arts.

* Interview with Hina Jilani: Leading rights By Tom Phillips

By 2007, Phillips, Hager & North had become a leading investment firm on the west coast, with over $ 66 billion of assets under management.

By all accounts the singer was not held in much regard by Phillips, but Feathers often made the audacious claim that he had arranged " That's All Right " and " Blue Moon of Kentucky " for Elvis Presley and recorded " Good Rockin ' Tonight " months before Presley.

By the mid 1960s, Phillips had lost interest in recording and had instead branched out into radio.

By purchasing works by such promising but unknown artists, Phillips provided them with the means to continue painting.

By 1955, Cash and his bandmates were in the Memphis studio of Sun Records, to audition for owner Sam Phillips.

By the time the shooting had stopped, Phillips and Mătăsăreanu had fired about 1, 100 rounds, approximately a round every 2 seconds.

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Phillips.