By the 11th century some Hausa states-such as Kano, Jigawa, Katsina, and Gobir-had developed into walled towns engaging in trade, servicing caravans, and the manufacture of various goods.

By exploring ideas about Roman loyalty, Greek deceit, and differences in ethnicity, “ Plautus in a sense surpassed his model .” He was not content to rest solely on a loyal adaptation that, while amusing, was not new or engaging for Rome.

By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to " tap into " the " well-developed commercial economy in Africa ... without engaging in hostilities.

* By engaging the Israelis directly, rather than relying on the authority or the assistance of neighboring Arab states, Palestinians were able to demonstrate their identity as a separate nation worthy of self-determination.

By 1913 only France and Germany had developed field guns suitable for engaging balloons and aircraft and addressed issues of military organization.

By engaging scholars, students, and members of the labor community, the program coordinates legal, educational, and cultural activities designed to improve the quality of work life.

By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.

By the time of the Lawrence decision, nine states − Alabama, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia − still banned consensual sodomy without respect to the sex of those involved, and four − Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri − prohibited same-sex couples from engaging in anal and oral sex.

By February 15, Riel freed the remaining prisoners on parole to refrain from engaging in political agitation.

By engaging in teachings from Odeen, she also concludes on her own the supernova problem that Lamont uncovered in the first section ; outraged that the Pump is allowed to continue to operate, despite the fact that it will eventually result in the destruction of another civilization, she attempts to put a stop to the project.

By engaging local communities and changing behaviour Rare has been able to launch campaigns to protect areas in most need of conservation.

By using crude oil futures contracts to hedge their fuel requirements ( and engaging in similar but more complex derivatives transactions ), Southwest Airlines was able to save a large amount of money when buying fuel as compared to rival airlines when fuel prices in the U. S. rose dramatically after the 2003 Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina.

By " playing ," he meant not only the ways that children of all ages play, but also the way adults " play " through making art, or engaging in sports, hobbies, humor, meaningful conversation, et cetera.

By ratifying Buford's defensive plan and engaging his I Corps infantry, Reynolds essentially selected the location for the Battle of Gettysburg for Meade, turning a chance meeting engagement into a massive pitched battle, committing the Army of the Potomac to fight on that ground with forces that were initially numerically inferior to the Confederates that were concentrating there.

By 1943 the Home Guard operated its own dedicated batteries of anti-aircraft guns and rockets plus coastal defence artillery as well as engaging German planes with their machineguns.

By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7, 000-strong guerilla force had wrested control of some parts of central and northern Mozambique from the Portuguese authorities and was engaging a Portuguese force of approximately 60, 000 soldiers.

By the middle of the 60s, Fort & Hairston had pulled together 21 other local street gangs, thus becoming the dominant gang on Chicago's South Side, engaging in numerous criminal activities while maintaining a political activist facade.

By engaging our nation ’ s young people in service learning, Learn and Serve America instills an ethic of lifelong community service.

By May, 70 civil actions had been filed against Putnam for allegedly engaging in improper trading.

By virtue of his accessible characters and engaging plots, Garis was one of the most influential children's authors of his day.

By engaging in prolonged copulations a male has an increased opportunity to place more sperm within the female's reproductive tract and prevent the female from copulating with other males.

By engaging Phillips in apparently irrelevant conversation, and squeezing Pete in the shoulder extremely hard to prevent him from interfering, Connor learns that the tapes from the five separate advanced security cameras that were monitoring the murder scene had been switched.

By mid-morning obervers were engaging massed German infantry but these pressed forward and reached just east of Hamel.

By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates ' friends, including the Thebans Cebes and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By the same test predispositions destructive of human personality exercise their most sinister impact, with the result that men of good will are often trapped and nullified.

By 1965, several or all of these systems will have been fully tested and their reliability established.

By 1853, the new partnership announced the precision vernier caliper as the first fruit of their joint efforts.

By their pattern of endogamy and exogamy, the core families and the marginal families show distinct limits to the intergroup contact they maintain.

By the time pupils reach the sixth grade, their ethical and moral standards are fairly well developed ; ;

By preying on the sick, by playing callously on the hopes of the desperate, by causing the sufferer to delay proper medical care, these medical ghouls create pain and misery by their very activity.

By and large their programs are satisfactorily connected both to the employment situation and to the realities of the apprentice system.

By 1926, when the mighty Yanks were at their mightiest, only a few of these were left but they still shone brightest, even beside able and agile rookies like Tony Lazzeri ( who managed never to have one of his epileptic fits on the field ), Mark Koenig, Lou Gehrig, George Pipgras, and gray-thatched Earl Combs.

By making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time-based ) and cultural regions ( space-based ), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

By this time they have undergone metamorphosis, lost their eyes and gills, developed a thicker skin and mouth tentacles, and reabsorbed their teeth.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the Naturalisation Act 1870, it was made possible for British subjects to renounce their nationality and allegiance, and the ways in which that nationality is lost are defined.

By studying these images, they can detect solar system objects by their movements relative to the background stars, which remain fixed.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the fall of that year, their benefactor Haines died suddenly and the Alcotts again suffered financial difficulty.

By the early 1960s, most of East and Central Africa, where the majority of the Ismāʿīlī population on the continent resided including Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Malagasy, Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire, had attained their political independence.

By the conditions accepted in the treaty, the Avars were to take possession of Pannonia and the Lombards were promised military support in Italy should the need arise ; also, for a period of 200 years the Lombards were to maintain the right to reclaim their former territories if the plan to conquer Italy failed, thus leaving Alboin with an alternative open.

By their assistance and that of his own subjects, who entertained a great attachment for him, he recovered Epirus.

By the beginning of 1204, Isaac II and Alexios IV had inspired little confidence among the people of Constantinople in their efforts to defend the city from the Latins and Venetians, who were restless and rioted when the money and aid promised by Alexios IV was not forthcoming.

By " chance ", he means all those particular comprehensible events which the viewer considers possible in accord with their experience.

By leaving large sums of money to their children, wealthy business leaders were wasting resources that could be used to benefit society.

By that point, Apple was deep in their ultimately doomed Copland efforts.

By the third millennium BCE, widespread civilizations had developed sophisticated awareness of celestial cycles, and are believed to have consciously oriented their temples to create alignment with the heliacal risings of the stars.