By the twelfth century great churches in Germany, like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance.

By finding certain caches or finding caches on a certain date, a geocacher earns a special icon which is posted on that cacher's profile page.

By the end of 1936, Gardner was finding his Charing Cross Road flat to be cramped, and moved into the block of flats at 32a Buckingham Palace Mansions.

In 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson published " Weather Prediction By Numerical Process ", after finding notes and derivations he worked on as an ambulance driver in World War I.

By a straightforward reduction to the halting problem it is possible to prove that ( for any Turing complete language ) finding all possible run-time errors in an arbitrary program ( or more generally any kind of violation of a specification on the final result of a program ) is undecidable: there is no mechanical method that can always answer truthfully whether a given program may or may not exhibit runtime errors.

By finding the primitive magma composition of a magma series it is possible to model the composition of the mantle from which a melt was formed, which is important in understanding evolution of the mantle.

By 1973, Nelson had returned to music, finding success with Atlantic Records.

By comparison, prediction in frequentist statistics often involves finding an optimum point estimate of the parameter ( s ) — e. g. by maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori estimation ( MAP ) — and then plugging this estimate into the formula for the distribution of a data point.

By finding the derivative of the equation while assuming that y is a constant, the slope of ƒ at the point is found to be:

By trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, and / or precision for speed, a heuristic can quickly produce a solution that is good enough for solving the problem at hand, as opposed to finding all exact solutions in a prohibitively long time.

By reasoning using " induction " Bacon meant the ability to gradually generalize a finding based on accumulating data-he advised proceeding by this method ( building a case from the ground up ).

By finding those sayings in the Gospel of Thomas that overlap with the Gospel of the Hebrews, Q, Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Paul, scholars feel such sayings represent " multiple attestations " and therefore are more likely to come from a historical Jesus than sayings that are only singly attested.

By the 17th century land-owning farmers were finding it increasingly difficult as were their landlords and some payments were still in kind as farmers had no money to pay their debts.

By finding all the secrets in a level, a player can also gain one bonus star to use.

By squaring the initial generating function, or by finding the derivative of both sides with respect to x and making a change of running variable n → n-1, one sees that the coefficients form the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., so one has

Let n ( p ; H ) be the smallest number of values we have to choose, such that the probability for finding a collision is at least p. By inverting this expression above, we find the following approximation

By finding ways of injecting malicious scripts into web pages, an attacker can gain elevated access-privileges to sensitive page content, session cookies, and a variety of other information maintained by the browser on behalf of the user.

By using the internet as the middle-man, the purveyor of information to the final consumer, businesses can gain a competitive advantage through creation of an effective website, which in the past required extensive effort finding the right middle-man and cultivating the relationship.

By the 1970s, only a few long-standing mgqashiyo groups were well-known, with the only new groups finding success with an all-male line-up.

By finding which combinations of frequency and wavenumber drive the determinant of the matrix to zero, the propagation characteristics of the medium may be determined.

By using a data structure such as a doubly linked list to maintain the set of unused edges incident to each vertex, to maintain the list of vertices on the current tour that have unused edges, and to maintain the tour itself, the individual operations of the algorithm ( finding unused edges exiting each vertex, finding a new starting vertex for a tour, and connecting two tours that share a vertex ) may be performed in constant time each, so the overall algorithm takes linear time.

By the mid-1880s the Tramway was finding it difficult to cover the operating expenses of either goods or passenger operations.

By counting the number of stalls and urinals I attempted to form a loose estimate of how many men the hall would hold at one time.

`` By observing the conductor '', he says with a twinkle in his eyes, `` I learned how not to conduct ''.

By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed.

By studying how quickly the reagent species disappears in the presence of differing concentrations of a ( usually stable ) co-reagent species the reaction rate constant at the low temperature of the CRESU flow can be determined.

" By 1967, critics were suggesting that the programme no longer reflected life in 1960s Britain, but reflected how life was in the 1950s.

To establish that a function is computable by Turing machine, it is usually considered sufficient to give an informal English description of how the function can be effectively computed, and then conclude " By the Church – Turing thesis " that the function is Turing computable ( equivalently partial recursive ).

By starting with an inertial frame, where Newton's laws of motion hold, and keeping track of how the time derivatives of a position vector change when transforming to a rotating reference frame, the various fictitious forces and their forms can be identified.

By re-defining class as a relationship that changed over time, Thompson proceeded to demonstrate how class was worthy of historical investigation.

By 2006, such was the confusion from these multiple Acts, each amending the others ( and not all of which were ever actually commenced and thus were in the public record but not enforced as actual legislation ); and the amendments of Irish firearms legislation by other Acts ranging from the Wildlife Acts ( mostly relating to hunting law ) to the Road Traffic Acts ( relating to how and where firearms could be transported ) and others ; the large amount of secondary legislation ( Statutory Instruments, which set out regulations, the design of application forms for licences and so forth, as well as the details of when various parts of the Acts came into force ); as well as the introduction of EU firearms law into the canon of Irish legislation ; led the Irish Law Reform Commission to recommend that all the extant legislation be restated a legal process by which all the existing primary and secondary legislation would be read as one and a single document produced as the new Firearms Act ( and all prior Acts would be repealed ).

He notes, " By how much does the solar year exceed the lunar year?

By showing how simple unintelligent forces can ratchet up designs of extraordinary complexity without invoking outside design, Darwin showed that an intelligent designer was not the necessary conclusion to draw from complexity in nature.

By taking both in-role and extra-role performance into account, industrial – organizational psychologists are able to assess employees ' effectiveness ( how well they do what they were hired to do ), efficiency ( their relative outputs to relative inputs ), and their productivity ( how much they help the organization reach its goals ).

By assuming the Earth to possess a soul ( a property he would later invoke to explain how the sun causes the motion of planets ), he established a speculative system connecting astrological aspects and astronomical distances to weather and other earthly phenomena.

By referring to the clock when it is noon locally ( i. e. the Sun is at its highest in the sky where you are ) you can read, almost directly from the clock face, how far around the world you are from London.

By figuratively asserting that the world is a stage, Shakespeare uses the points of comparison between the world and a stage to convey an understanding about how the world works and the lives of the people within it.

By studying grassroots activism and the lived experiences of its participants, her high school students came to appreciate how African Americans worked to end Jim Crow laws in the 1950s.

By this definition, in a normal population, half of students are expected to perform above grade level and half the students below grade level, no matter how much or how little the students have learned.

On May 3, 2011, it was announced that Patti Smith is one of the winners of the Polar Music Prize: " By devoting her life to art in all its forms, Patti Smith has demonstrated how much rock ’ n ' roll there is in poetry and how much poetry there is in rock ’ n ' roll.

By contrast, court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief, mentioning only the relevant legislation and not going into great detail about how a decision was reached.

By contrast, in vivo experiments on proteins ' activities within cells or even within whole organisms can provide complementary information about where a protein functions and how it is regulated.

By explaining how he intended the visitors to understand the image over the altar, Paulinus provided rare insight into the intentions of a patron of art in the later Empire.