By 1525 Henry was infatuated with his mistress Anne Boleyn and dissatisfied that his marriage to Catherine had produced no surviving sons, leaving their daughter, the future Mary I of England, as heiress presumptive at a time when there was no established precedent for a woman on the throne.

By his mistress, Katarzyna Telniczenka ( d. 1528 ), he also fathered three children out of wedlock:

By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev had extricated his country from the Swedish imbroglio ; reconciled his imperial mistress with the courts of Vienna and London ; enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in Poland, Turkey and Sweden ; and isolated the King of Prussia by forcing him into hostile alliances.

By his mistress, Eleanor of Guzman, he had ten children:

By a mistress, a Diplovatatzina, Michael VIII also had two illegitimate daughters:

By some Shakespearian commentators Pembroke has been identified with the " Mr W. H ." referred to as " the onlie begetter " of Shakespeare's sonnets in the dedication by Thomas Thorpe, the owner of the published manuscript, while his mistress, Mary Fitton, has been identified with the " dark lady " of the sonnets.

By 1834 Strauss had taken a mistress, Emilie Trampusch, with whom he had six children.

By his unknown mistress, James also left one illegitimate son:

By the following November however, Annie was working as a maid in a Mrs. Bleating-Hart's home and suffering all sorts of torments from her mistress.

By March, she was the king's mistress, installed at Versailles in an apartment directly below his.

By then he had separated from Caroline for good and was bored with his mistress, Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey.

By his mistress and then second wife Theodote, Constantine VI had two sons, both of whom died young:

By his mistress, Herleva of Falaise, he was father of:

By choice there followed a succession of jobs ' of no special consequence and with no connection from one to the next ', which she held briefly, and which began with work as an assistant mistress at Silchester House, a girls ' boarding school in Taplow in the Thames valley, and included being a sceretary ; a reader for the elderly Dame Elizabeth Cadbury ; and the proprietor of an office in Victoria Street, London, for typing and secretarial work.

By an unnamed mistress or mistresses he also had several illegitimate children, two of whom he named in his will.

By his mistress Jacqueline de Mézières:

By now, Louis Henri was trying to get away from the mistress who had taken over his life.

By his first wife Lady Katherine Savage, daughter of John, 2nd Earl Rivers he had only one legitimate child, Catherine, Countess of Dorchester, mistress of James II.

By his first wife Lady Katherine Savage, daughter of John, 2nd Earl Rivers he had only one legitimate child, Catherine, Countess of Dorchester, mistress of James II After his first wife had been sent to a convent in Ghent on account of a serious mental condition, Sedley in vain tried to obtain a divorce.

By a mistress, Margarida de Villena, Alvaro de Luna had an illegitimate son:

By an unknown mistress ( or mistresses ), he had two children:

By then, Nicholas Nicholaievich was living openly with his mistress.

By another, low-born mistress named Pezola, and whom the people called Venerem, Hugh had a daughter, Bertha, who married the Byzantine Emperor Romanos II and took the name Eudokia ( Eudocia ).

By his mistress Alice, whom he refused to marry, da.

By her he had three daughters: Eudokia, who became a nun, Zoe, future empress, and Theodora.

By his second wife, Theodora of Khazaria, Justinian II had a son:

By his marriage to Theodora ( who died in 922 ), Romanos had six children, including:

By his marriage with Theodora, Theophilos had seven children:

By Guy of Tuscany she had a daughter named Berta Theodora, who never married.

By his first wife, Theodora of Bulgaria, Stefan Uroš III had two children:

By the treaty with Dubrovnik in 1253, the sources single out the sebastokratōr Peter, who had married Michael II Asen's sister Anna ( or Theodora ).

By his first wife Theodora of Wallachia ( nun Teofana ), a daughter of Basarab of Wallachia, Ivan Alexander had several children, including Ivan Sracimir, who ruled as emperor of Bulgaria in Vidin 1356 – 1397, associated emperors Michael Asen IV ( co-ruled c. 1332 – 1354 / 5 ) and Ivan Asen IV ( co-ruled 1337 – 1349 ), and a daughter called Thamar ( Kera Tamara ), who was married first to the despotēs Constantine ( Konstantin ), and then to Sultan Murad I of the Ottoman Empire.

By his second marriage to Theodora Palaiologina, a daughter of Michael IX Palaiologos of Byzantium, Michael Shishman had several children whose names are unknown.

By the Caesar Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna Komnene had several children, including:

By his wife Anna Komnene, the kaisar Nikephoros Bryennios had several children, including:

By the end of Andronikos II's reign, much of Bithynia was in the hands of the Ottoman Turks of Osman I and his son and heir Orhan.

By November 1183, Andronikos associated his younger legitimate son John Komnenos on the throne.

By his wife Irene Asanina, a daughter of Andronikos Asan ( son of Emperor Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria by Eirene Palaiologina, herself daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ), John VI Kantakouzenos had several children, including:

By his wife Keratsa of Bulgaria ( nun Makaria ), a daughter of Emperor Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria and his second wife Sarah-Theodora, Andronikos IV had three children:

By his second wife, Irene of Montferrat, Andronikos II had Simonis, later the wife of Stefan Milutin of Serbia.

By his second wife Sarah-Theodora, Ivan Alexander had several other children, which included Keraca Marija, who married the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos, Ivan Šišman, who succeeded as emperor of Bulgaria in Tǎrnovo 1371 – 1396, Ivan Asen V, associated as emperor of Bulgaria by 1359 – 1388 ?, as well as two daughters named Desislava and Vasilisa.

By his fourth wife Simonis, the daughter of Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, he had no children.

By 1169, the efforts of Manuel had evidently borne fruit, as a large and purely Byzantine fleet of about 150 galleys, 20 large transports and 60 horse transports under megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos was sent to invade Egypt in cooperation with the ruler of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.