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By measuring the total round-trip time on an radar's oscilloscope, the aircraft's range could be accurately determined even at very long ranges.
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By measuring the velocities of pulsars, it is possible to put a limit on the asymmetry of supernova explosions.
By measuring the mean squared displacement over a time interval along with the universal gas constant, the temperature, the viscosity, and the particle radius, Avogadro's number can be determined.
By measuring behavioral responses to different stimuli, one can understand something about how those stimuli are processed.
By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc.
By measuring rainfall, runoff, and drainage area, Perrault showed that rainfall was sufficient to account for flow of the Seine.
By emitting a high-frequency chirp from the transducer, and measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo from the sound waves bouncing off an object, one can calculate the distance to that object.
By measuring the frequency of the returned signal and comparing that with the original, the difference can be easily measured.
By measuring the decay products of extinct radionuclides with a mass spectrometer and using isochronplots, it is possible to determine relative ages of different events in the early history of the solar system.
By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine how far away the object is.
By determining the environmental circumstances during the measuring and by revising the air-tightness afterwards, the standardization of the data is warranted.
By precisely timing the LIDAR ' echo ,' and by measuring how much laser light is received by the telescope, scientists can accurately determine the location, distribution and nature of the particles.
By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light was constant and that this provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length, the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light.
By sheer coincidence, exactly 100 years later on 07 August 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory rover used its Radiation Assessment Detector ( RAD ) instrument to begin measuring the radiation levels on another planet for the first time.
By measuring the shapes and orientations of large numbers of distant galaxies, their orientations can be averaged to measure the shear of the lensing field in any region.
By scanning the microscope's beam in an X-Y pattern and measuring the light emitted with the beam at each point, a map of the optical activity of the specimen can be obtained.
By explicitly dealing with the interaction of object and measuring instrument, von Neumann has attempted to create consistency of the two processes of wave function change.
By measuring the beam current it could be determined whether the spot was originally a zero or a one, and a new value could be stored by the beam.
By measuring the rate and timing of orbital shifts, together with the body's drag properties, the relevant atmosphere's parameters could be back-calculated.
By measuring and analyzing network data using triangulation, pattern matching or cell-sector statistics ( in an anonymous format ), the data was converted into traffic flow information.
By dividing Caswell County into two squares – each side measuring approximately twenty ( 20 ) miles in length, the settlers formed two counties of each.
By measuring the length of a seconds pendulum in different latitudes, one can calculate the " oblateness " of the Earth-i. e.
By measuring this signal from several satellites, the receiver can re-build an accurate clock signal of its own.
By measuring chlorophyll content Nitrogen deficiency can be detected.
By applying a voltage across the bilayer and measuring the resulting current, the resistance of the bilayer is determined.
By and total
By having three stations, a total of three different cars can be operated on at the same time, each one at a different stage of its assembly.
By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.
By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.
By the end of 2013, a total of 461 km of high-speed lines are expected to be built.
By construction, each point on the curve shows productive efficiency in maximizing output for given total inputs.
By way of comparison, the routes départementales cover a total distance of 365, 000 km.
By the 1920s, the U. S. reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 feature films annually, or 82 % of the global total ( Eyman, 1997 ).
By December 2006, over 1, 237, 000 square kilometers of forest land in Canada ( about half the global total ) had been certified as being sustainably managed ( Canadian Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition ).
By 1530 over 10, 000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies.
By 1991-92, beef exports accounted for only 2. 9 percent of the value of total exports.
By 1906, the total number of Chinese coolies had swelled to 50, 000, almost entirely recruited and shipped by CEMC.
By the end of March, there was a total of 2, 000 dead and 4, 000 wounded.
By late 1943, the tide of the war was turning against the Axis powers, but this only spurred Goebbels to intensify the propaganda by urging the Germans to accept the idea of total war and mobilization.
By saluting them saying " namo namaha ", Jains receive inspiration from them to follow their path to achieve true bliss and total freedom from the karmas binding their souls.
By saluting them saying " namo namaha ", Jains receive inspiration from them to follow their path to achieve true bliss and total freedom from the karmas binding their souls.
By 1967, the Zuse KG had built a total of 251 computers.
By the end of 1942, 3, 237 Katyusha launchers of all types had been built, and by the end of the war total production reached about 10, 000.
By 1970, the city had a total area of approximately, more than five times its size in 1940.
By 2006, government funds had dipped from 75 percent of the total budget to 62 percent.
By the 1880s the tradition of England-Australia cricket tours was well established, with a total of eight Tests having been played, five of them at the MCG, two at the Sydney Cricket Ground and one at The Oval in London.
By December 1990, a study to estimate the project's cost determined that long-term expenditure would total approximately 450 billion dollars spread over 20 to 30 years.
By combining many functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced ; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.
By the end of 1975, a total of 137 military regulars and national servicemen and police had been killed that year by left wing terrorism.
By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1 / 2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 / 2.
By these calculations, the portion of total biomass accounted for by humans would be very roughly 0. 6 %.</ ref >
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