By the 1940s, the term commonly was capitalized, Negro, but by the mid 1960s it was considered disparaging.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

By the mid 1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two.

" By the mid 2000s, bikinis had become a $ 811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.

By the mid 1970s, born again Christians were increasingly referred to in the mainstream media as part of the born again movement.

By the mid 20th century, with the growing market for rare coins, the Sheldon system was adopted by the American Numismatic Association and most coin professionals in the North America.

By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany, New York and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid to late 2000s, many disco-influenced songs were hits.

By mid century, the cooperative Christian Churches and the independent Christian Churches were following different paths.

By the mid — 18th century the French chemist Charles François de Cisternay du Fay had discovered two types of static electricity, and that like charges repel each other whilst unlike charges attract.

By the mid 1970s, there were enough media zines being published that adzines existed just to advertise all of the other zines available.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers ( some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663 ) had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By the mid 1960s, Viola Spolin's classes were handed over to her protégé, Jo Forsberg, who further developed Spolin's methods into a one-year course, which eventually became The Players Workshop, the first official school of improvisation in the USA.

By the mid 1970s, Sweden experienced a recession that struck especially hard on the industrial sector ; shipyards and manufacturing industries were hard hit, which led to high unemployment in many cities of Scania.

By mid July, the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead.

By mid July, North Korean troops overwhelmed the South Korean and allied American units defending South Korea and forced them back to a defensive perimeter in south-east South Korean known as the Pusan Perimeter.

By the mid to late-1970s some parts of the capitalist world, including South Korea, were creating new industries based around computers, electronics, and other advanced technology in contrast to North Korea's Stalinist economy of mining and steel production.

By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.

By the mid 19th century, the industrial revolution had transformed England and had begun in France.

Morton wrote the column until 1975 ; it was revived in January 1996 and continues today, written by William Hartston, though the name " By the Way " has been dropped in favour of simply " Beachcomber ".

By 1996, the cemetery and marker were in poor condition, but a new granite headstone was erected in 1997.

By the start of the 1996 season, Fitzroy was almost at the end of its financial tether.

By 1996, other engineers had joined in, because it was clear that Cygwin would be a useful way to provide Cygnus ' embedded tools hosted on Windows systems ( the previous strategy had been to use DJGPP ).

By 1996, tensions from the neighboring Rwanda war and genocide had spilled over to Zaire: see History of Rwanda.

The phrase " Doom clone | Doom clone " was initially popular to describe the style of gameplay in Doom-like games, but after 1996 was gradually replaced by " first-person shooter " By 1998 the phrase " first-person shooter " had firmly superseded " Doom clone "

By the time of the first men's world championships in 1996, 20 nations played floorball, with 12 of them participating at the tournament.

By 1995, a billion cubic meters of the gas had been collected and the reserve was US $ 1. 4 billion in debt, prompting the Congress of the United States in 1996 to phase out the reserve.

By March 1996, pre-standard HTTP / 1. 1 was supported in Arena, Netscape 2. 0, Netscape Navigator Gold 2. 01, Mosaic 2. 7, Lynx 2. 5, and in Internet Explorer 2. 0.

By 1996, a series of RFCs was released defining Internet Protocol version 6 ( IPv6 ), starting with RFC 1883.

By December 1996 the Conservatives had lost their majority in the House of Commons.

By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $ 35 million for a 1996 Presidential bid and to pay off his 1988 campaign debts.

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards.

By 1996, the club was set to build a new ballpark near the site of County Stadium, which would have a retractable roof to counter the unpredictable Wisconsin weather in the spring and autumn.

By 1996, genre acts such as Reel Big Fish and Less Than Jake were being signed to major labels.

By 1992, with the signing of the Schengen Treaty which formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union, there were worries that much, if not all, of this intelligence sharing was opaque, raising questions about the efficacy of the accountability mechanisms governing police information sharing in Europe ( Joubert and Bevers, 1996 ).

By 1980 there were more than 250 ; by 1996 there were more than 450.

By August 1996, the FDA had not taken action, and the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen filed a petition with the FDA, prompting the agency to act.

By the end of 1996, Congo had made substantial progress in various areas targeted for reform.

By this time however, the influence of Slobodan Milošević was confined to Serbia only as Montenegro had experienced internal regime change in 1996 when former Milošević ally Milo Đukanović reversed his policies, showed resilience by becoming leader of his party and subsequently dismissing former Montenegrin leader Momir Bulatović, a man who remained loyal to Milošević.

By 1996, however, the issue had been set aside, with Italy renouncing any revision of the Treaty of Osimo, allowing a significant improvement in relations.

In the US, the new novels Moscow Club ( 1991 ) by Joseph Finder, Masquerade ( 1996 ) by Gayle Lynds, and The Unlikely Spy ( 1996 ) by Daniel Silva, and in the UK, A Spy By Nature ( 2001 ) by Charles Cumming and Remembrance Day ( 2000 ) by Henry Porter, maintained the spy novel in the post – Cold War world.

By comparison, under US law, " A trade secret, as defined under ( 3 ) ( A ), ( B ) ( 1996 ), has three parts: ( 1 ) information ; ( 2 ) reasonable measures taken to protect the information ; and ( 3 ) which derives independent economic value from not being publicly known.

By the end of 1996, the Winnipeg facility had struck 375 million of these coins.