By virtue of his self-reliance, his individualism and his freedom from external restraint, the private eye is a perfect embodiment of the middle class conception of liberty, which amounts to doing what you please and let the devil take the hindmost.

By 2008, sales in the US reached $ 14. 6 billion, the biggest selling drugs in the US by therapeutic class.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By studying categories and functors, we are not just studying a class of mathematical structures and the morphisms between them ; we are studying the relationships between various classes of mathematical structures.

By contrast, Marx's dialectical materialism considers history as a product of material class struggle in society.

By the next century, gardens became available to the middle class as well.

By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by Alexander von Humboldt ( 1769 – 1859 ) in natural science and Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1777 – 1855 ) in mathematics.

By this system, the children were free people and could inherit property, thus originating a class of " mulattos " with property and some with wealthy fathers.

By the mid 1890s, the Golden Dawn was well established in Great Britain, with membership rising to over a hundred and including every class of Victorian society.

By 2000 the social structure included a politically active working class, a primarily clerical middle class, and an upper bracket consisting of managers, entrepreneurs, and professionals.

By " ideology ", Marx and Engels meant ideas that reflect the interests of a particular class at a particular time in history, but which contemporaries see as universal and eternal.

By contrast, when Bertrand Russell writes, in The Principles of Mathematics, " A class [...] is neither a predicate nor a class-concept, for different predicates and different class-concepts may correspond to the same class.

By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a middle-class room — carpets on the floor, cushions on the seats, and a penny or two on the prices, while the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards, sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages, hard bench seats, and cheap beer.

By the end of the 19th century, a new educated social class which transcended the divisions of race and caste was emerging as a result of British attempts to nurture a range of professionals for the Ceylon Civil Service and for the legal, educational, and medical professions.

By contrast, the cut-and-paste transposition mechanism of class II TEs does not involve an RNA intermediate.

By 1892 an entirely new class of warship, the torpedo boat destroyer ( TBDs ), was invented to counter them.

By 1822 he was in the class of the director Nicolò Zingarelli, studying the masters of the Neapolitan school and the orchestral works of Haydn and Mozart.

By his own description Vitruvius served as a ballista ( artilleryman ), the third class of arms in the military offices.

By 1855 the term had passed into common usage by upper class whites, and was common usage among all Southerners, regardless of race, throughout the rest of the 19th century.

By 1499, however, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros grew frustrated with the slow pace of the efforts of Granada's first Archbishop, Fernando de Talavera, to convert non-Christians to Christianity and undertook a program of forced Christian baptisms, creating the Converso ( convert ) class for Moors and Jews.

By the late 18th century Lyme Regis had become a popular seaside resort, especially after 1792 when the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars made travel to the European mainland dangerous for the English gentry, and increasing numbers of wealthy and middle class tourists were arriving there.

By making inroads in the name of law enforcement into the protection which Congress has afforded to the marriage relationship, the Court today continues in the path charted by the recent decision in Wyatt v. United States, 362 U.S. 525, where the Court held that, under the circumstances of that case, a wife could be compelled to testify against her husband over her objection.

By and large, what happens to business as a whole will govern the relationship between demand and supply conditions in the capital markets and will thus determine interest rates.

By the early 1860s, the relationship between the imperial court and the Shogunate was changing radically.

By substituting these three verbs, even without clarifying morality ( ought, shall, should, must ) or the actor ( s ) who do or did something, becomes / remains / equals makes clear what time frame of relationship is asserted, and disallows assuming one stable past / present / future timeline-known as single scenario planning or blind linearity and considered a grave error in risk analysis.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

By this time, however, she had renewed her relationship with Holt and her marriage to Fell ended soon after the twins ' birth.

By whatever name, advocates had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases.

By the end of the 1980s, membership had fallen to just over 6, 000, 000 — little more than half the level of a decade earlier — and it also counted against the Labour Party's hopes of regaining power, as its relationship with the trade unions had traditionally been seen as a strength but after the Winter of Discontent it was seen as a liability.

By the two-seed theory, the embryo is not conceived unless the male and female seed meet: this implies a bilineal, or cognatic, theory of relationship.

By mid-1971, as the termination date of the British treaty relationship ( end of 1971 ) approached, the nine still had not agreed on terms of union.

By itself, it is not protected in the United States of America, where use of the name " Roget " in the title of a thesaurus does not necessarily indicate any relationship to Dr. Roget ; it has come to be seen as a generic thesaurus name, like " Webster " for dictionaries.

By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario ( born Miriam Bartolini ), with whom he subsequently had three children: Barbara ( b. 1984 ), Eleonora ( b. 1986 ) and Luigi ( b. 1988 ).

By this time his relationship with the 25-year-old writer Mira Mendelson ( 1915 – 1968 ) had finally led to his separation from his wife Lina, although they were never technically divorced: indeed Prokofiev had tried to persuade Lina and their sons to accompany him as evacuees out of Moscow, but Lina opted to stay.

By studying the boy, they would also be able to explain the relationship between man and society.

By now, XTC's relationship with their label had almost totally broken down ; the final straw was Virgin's scuttling of their 1992 single " Wrapped in Grey ".

Another possible predecessor state was called Po-ni ( pinyin: Boni ) By the 10th century Po-ni had contacts with first the Song dynasty and at some point even entered into a tributary relationship with China.

By the middle of the 15th century Po-ni had entered into a close relationship with the Muslim kingdom of Malacca.

By this stage Isabella had begun a romantic relationship with the English exile Roger Mortimer.

By appropriate choice of the relationship between these parameters, it is possible to introduce a controlled phase shift between the two polarization components of a light wave, thereby altering its polarization.

By the late 1990s, the Communist Party's relationship to the growing Falun Gong movement had become increasingly tense.

By the relationship between parameter α and time constant above, a large α corresponds to a large and therefore a low corner frequency of the filter.

By the relationship between parameter α and time constant above, a small α corresponds to a small and therefore a high corner frequency of the filter.

By now she had established a close political working relationship with what in due course would be known as the Gang of Four — Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen.

By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the Moon, they can fly in a straight line.