By construction, hypothesis testing limits the rate

By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by 1788, and inexpensive.

By 2000, most large-scale ( Mach-like ) efforts had ended, although OpenStep used an adapted Mach kernel called XNU, which is now used in the OS known as Darwin, which is the open source part of Mac OS X .. As of 2012, the Mach-based GNU Hurd is also functional and its inclusion in testing versions of Arch Linux and Debian in progress.

By 1987 the list included the Encore Multimax and Sequent Balance machines, testing Mach's ability to run on multiprocessor systems.

By 1961, several test articles were ready for testing from USAF B-52 bombers, with drop-tests starting in January.

By the spring of 1956 they had a near-final design, which was awarded a preproduction contract for 1, 000 M18A1 claymores designated T-48E1 during testing.

By the end of World War Two, the US had built eight new wind tunnels, including the largest one in the world at Moffett Field near Sunnyvale, California, which was designed to test full size aircraft at speeds of less than 250 mph and a vertical wind tunnel at Wright Field, Ohio, where the wind stream is upwards for the testing of models in spin situations and the concepts and engineering designs for the first primitive helicopters flown in the US.

By the end of 2012 cargo supply to the International Space Station will be flown by privately owned commercial craft under NASA's Commercial Resupply Services by SpaceX's successfully tested the partially reusable Dragon spacecraft, and Orbital Sciences ' Cygnus spacecraft ( also slated for testing in 2012 ).

By focussing on just a few of these highly variable minisatellites, DNA profiling made the system more sensitive, more reproducible, and amenable to computer databasing, and soon became the standard forensic DNA system used in criminal case work and paternity testing worldwide.

By testing the samples from the spring water, the team was at least able to identify the substance's current presence at the site, giving them insight that a presumably larger quantity existed in the waters thousands of years earlier.

By testing various hypotheses, these researchers hope to discover the unique mechanism that causes the spontaneous pain of CRPS and that discovery may lead to new ways of blocking pain.

By the end of 1979, researchers had identified three variant forms of GM2 gangliosidosis, including Sandhoff disease and the AB variant of GM2-gangliosidosis, accounting for false negatives in carrier testing.

By early 1984, work on Mir had ground to a halt while all resources were being put into the Buran programme in order to prepare the Buran spacecraft for flight testing.

By testing a person's abilities on each of the four branches of emotional intelligence, it generates scores for each of the branches as well as a total score.

By processing ' blocks ' of several array elements at a time, individually addressed, ( for example, within a loop ), much pointer arithmetic and end of loop testing can be eliminated, resulting in decreased instruction path lengths.

By the time of his rehabilitation in 1955, Tupolev had designed and was about to start testing his unique turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-95.

By contrast, eosinophilia is almost guaranteed in cases of loiasis, and blood testing for eosinophile fraction may be useful.

By the mid-1950s, the bulk of the information cadaver testing could provide had been harvested.

By testing the parts of a program first and then testing the sum of its parts, integration testing becomes much easier.

By keeping such automated testing code, programmers can verify that they haven't broken something along the way.

By May 1998 Acorn started to offer their ' Registered Developer ' scheme members the chance to pre-order a pre-launch prototype for testing and development, these were offered at a £ 950 ( ex VAT ) a significant discount on the public price of £ 1500 ( ex VAT ) revealed in June ..

By the time the prototype was ready for testing, it weighed over 12, 550 lb., over the Army's limit for the new fighter design, and far more than any single-engine fighter ever developed.

By contrast, an informal investigation by the High Priest and his cronies ( without witnesses being called ), as told by John, is both historically possible in an emergency on the day before a festival, and accords with the external evidence from Rabbinic sources that Jesus was put to death on the Day of Preparation for the Passover.

By the end of the century structuralism was seen as an historically important school of thought, but the movements that it spawned, rather than structuralism itself, commanded attention.

By the end of the 1970s the quest for authenticity had extended to the use of period instruments and historically correct styles of playing them.

) By the 12th century, as a result of the efforts of Babylonian leaders such as Yehudai Gaon and Pirqoi ben Baboi, the communities of Palestine, and Diaspora communities such as Kairouan which had historically followed Palestinian usages, had adopted Babylonian rulings in most respects, and Babylonian authority was accepted by Jews throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

By the time he reaches Edmund, Shakespeare no longer pretends that the Hal-type machiavel is admirable ; and in Lear he condemns the society we think historically inevitable.

By that time, remnants of numerous tribes, after encroachment in the East, had migrated to present-day Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, which also had tribes that had historically been in the region for centuries.

By appealing to both leftists and rightists fed-up with corruption, Lewites was for a while the most popular politician in Nicaragua and attracted the support of many historically prominent Sandinistas.

By the times of Second Polish Republic ( 1918 – 1939 ) much of Poland's previous territory, which were historically mixed Ruthenian and Polish, had Ukrainian and Belorussian majorities.

By the year 3172, political power in the galaxy is split between two factions: the older Earth-based Draco and the historically younger Pleiades Federation.

Their ' Manage By Designing ' initiative helped launch the Weatherhead Collection and the rest of the school's much-praised rebranding effort that is notable for having pioneered the use of high-design aesthetics instead of the traditionally conservative approach historically taken by business schools.

By this date it is hard to judge how illustrations like these relate to actual contemporary dress in Europe, or are an attempt to recreate historically appropriate ancient dress from styles of the contemporary Middle East.

By February of that year, production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil's Playground, arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture ; however, the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie.

By comparing reaction cells sealed from the same manifold temperature dependency corresponding to activation energies ranging from 11 to 18 Af was observed while dependence on the first power of the light intensity seemed to be indicated in most cases.

By no means are these isolated cases.

By 1910 the courts were crowded with cases, many of them brought by freebooters who trafficked in disputed inventions.

By focusing on cases and not on theory, those engaged in moral debate increase the possibility of agreement.

By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority.

By 1976, the landfill was completed ; in many cases, the pre-existing piers were simply buried.

By drawing parallels between paradigms, so-called " pure cases ", and the case at hand, a casuist tries to determine a moral response appropriate to a particular case.

By comparison, the former colony of the United Province of Canada ( divided into the District of Canada East, and the District of Canada West ) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company ; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of Rupert's Land to the Government of Canada under the Rupert's Land Act 1868 was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers.

By far the most frequent cases involve situations in which a defendant — usually a corporation but on occasion an individual — overcharges the federal government for goods or services.

By the late 1990s, however, the focus had shifted to health care fraud, which now accounts for the majority of cases filed by whistleblowers and by the government.

By the 1930s, Genosha Bay later became a United States extraterritorial prison which hold prisoners of the worse cases from around the world and was notorious for practicing inhumane punishments on its prisoners ranging from sleep deprivations and water torture.

By early 1961, the British had withdrawn their special court system, which handled the cases of foreigners resident in Kuwait, and the Kuwaiti Government began to exercise legal jurisdiction under new laws drawn up by an Egyptian jurist.

By evaluating the truth conditions, we see that both expressions have the same truth conditions ( will be true in the same cases ), and moreover that any proposition formed by arbitrary conjunctions will have the same truth conditions, regardless of the location of the parentheses.

By 1910, much of the world experienced a dramatic increase in polio cases and epidemics became regular events, primarily in cities during the summer months.

By means of this computer Grover's algorithm for four variants of search has generated the right answer from the first try in 95 % of cases.

By the 18th century, however, dhimmis frequently attended the Ottoman Muslim courts, where cases were taken against them by Muslims, or they took cases against Muslims or other dhimmis.

By establishing a pattern, sometimes with the use of a powerful computer, mathematicians may have an idea of what to prove, and in some cases even a plan for how to set about doing the proof.

By 1985, Harald zur Hausen had shown that two strains of Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) cause most cases of cervical cancer.

By the Late Republican era, increasing competition among the competitive military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire ensured that triumphs became more frequent, drawn out and extravagant, prolonged in some cases by several days of public games and entertainments.

By taking the derivative of the optical path length, the stationary point is found giving the path taken by the light ( though it should be noted that the result does not show light taking the least time path, but rather one that is stationary with respect to small variations as there are cases where light actually takes the greatest time path, as in a spherical mirror ).

By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency.

By February 5, 1938, the International Committee had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies.

By 1884, he had seen three cases in a single family.

By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts ' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes.