By the 12th century, the Mishneh Torah ( i. e., Rabbi Moses Maimonides ) was criticizing Christianity on the grounds of idol worship, in that Christians attributed divinity to Jesus who had a physical body.

By the time of the rediscovery of the Roman law in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries, the common law had already developed far enough to prevent a Roman law reception as it occurred on the continent.

By the 12th to 13th centuries A. D., monks were preparing illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment in monasteries throughout Europe and were using lead styli to draw lines for their writings and for the outlines for their illuminations.

By the middle of the 12th century, coats of arms were being inherited by the children of armigers ( persons entitled to use a coat of arms ) across Europe.

By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory and " souling ", the custom of baking bread or soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ".

By the 12th century, the Akan Kingdom of Bonoman ( Bono State ) was established.

By the 12th century, they had established their center at Azcapotzalco, the city of the Tepanecs.

By the 12th century, the peoples inhabiting the lands now known as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania formed a pagan wedge between increasingly powerful rival Christian states – Greek Orthodox Church to their east and Catholic Church to their west.

By overblowing, that is, increasing the pressure of breath and tension of lips, odd harmonics ( notes whose frequencies are odd-number multiples of the fundamental ), near a 12th in cylindrical tubes, may also be produced.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

By the 12th century AD, a number of loosely connected rice-growing and trading states flourished in the upper Chao Phraya Valley.

By the 12th century, Tongans, and the Tongan kings, the Tu ' i Tonga, were known across the Pacific, from Niuē, Samoa to Tikopia they ruled these nations for over 400 years, sparking some historians to refer to a " Tongan Empire ," although it was more so a network of interacting navigators, chiefs, and adventurers.

By the 11th and 12th centuries, European fighting ships were built with raised platforms fore and aft, from which archers could shoot down into the relatively low longships.

By the 12th century, all Wendish lands had become part of the Holy Roman Empire.

By the 11th and 12th centuries a more advanced society was beginning to emerge.

By 1200 BC the power of Mycenae was declining ; during the 12th century, Mycenaean dominance collapsed.

By the end of the 12th century, there were cast iron grenades filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers.

By the 12th century, eight Georgian monasteries were listed in Jerusalem.

By the 12th century, Totnes was already an important market town, due to its position on one of the main roads of the South West, in conjunction with its easy access to its hinterland and the easy navigation of the River Dart.

By the 12th century Italian flutes came in a variety of sizes, and fragments of 12th-century Norman bone whistles have been found in Ireland, and an intact 14 cm Tusculum clay whistle from the 14th century in Scotland.

By the 12th century, " Saracen " had become synonymous with " Muslim " in Medieval Latin literature.

By the 12th century, Medieval Europeans had more specific conceptions of Islam and " Saracen " had become a racial and religious marker.

By calculating the area under the relevant portion of the graph for 50 trials, the archaeologist can say that there is practically no chance the site was inhabited in the 11th and 12th centuries, about 1 % chance that it was inhabited during the 13th century, 63 % chance during the 14th century and 36 % during the 15th century.

By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe.

By these steps the final AIA list was reduced from 8,000 to 3,500.

By a wrenching effort, he managed to hunch and draw in, to take the final fall on his back and shoulders rather than his head.

By 1974, another challenge to the state's authority and legitimacy had come from 19 April Movement ( M-19 ), a mostly urban guerrilla group founded allegedly in response to an electoral fraud during the final National Front election of Misael Pastrana ( 1970 – 1974 ) and the defeat of former dictator Gustavo Rojas.

By the early 2000s, the CD largely replaced the audio cassette player as standard equipment in new automobiles, with 2010 being the final model year for any car in the US to have a factory-equipped cassette player.

By the final stages of the war only the Soviet Union was still fielding mounted units in substantial numbers, some in combined mechanized and horse units.

By 1907 Einstein had framed the fundamentals of the theory of gravity, but then struggled for nearly 8 years with a confounding problem of putting the theory into final form.

By this time, Davros has been physically transplanted into a customised Dalek casing and is only revealed as the Emperor in the final episode.

By late 1166, and the birth of her final child, however, Henry's notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford had become known, and her marriage to Henry appears to have become terminally strained.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

By the end of 1968 there were at least 1, 300 Moroccan workers resident in Gibraltar and this more than doubled following the final closure of the frontier with Spain in June 1969.

By the terms of the Honduran constitution, this stalemate left the final choice of president up to the legislature, but that body was unable to obtain a quorum and reach a decision.

By September 6, 1958, Jan & Arnie's third and final single, " The Beat That Can't Be Beat " backed with " I Love Linda " ( Arwin 113 ), again composed by the Berry, Ginsburg, and Altfeld team, was released.

By the end of his first season with Liverpool, Dalglish had played 62 times and scored 31 goals, including the winning goal in the 1978 European Cup Final final at Wembley against Bruges.

By the turn of 1992 they were top of the Second Division, and then suffered a dip in form before recovering to qualify for the playoffs, during which Dalglish led Blackburn into the new Premier League by beating Leicester City 1 – 0 in the Second Division Play-off final at Wembley.

By the time the final single " Wasting Time " was released the album had sold 7 million albums, Devil Without A Cause was certified 11 times platinum by the RIAA on April 17, 2003.

By a final placitum issued there, Louis gave Bavaria to Louis the German and disinherited Pepin II, leaving the entire remainder of the empire to be divided roughly into an eastern part and a western.

By generating the most conservative instruction ( usually the largest relative or absolute variant, depending on platform ) and adding relaxation hints, it is possible to substitute shorter or more efficient instructions during the final link.

By the time the final South Stand had been completed and the Stadium officially opened on 7 April 1984, the South Stand had cost £ 4. 5M.

By 1925 it was known that protons and electrons had a spin of 1 / 2, and in the Rutherford model of nitrogen-14, 20 of the total 21 nuclear particles should have paired up to cancel each other's spin, and the final odd particle should have left the nucleus with a net spin of 1 / 2.

: By looking at the final matrix ( reduced row-echelon form ) one could see that the first non-zero entry in both and is a.

By the outbreak of World War II, the SS had solidified into its final form.

By the end of its final mission, Atlantis had orbited the Earth 4, 848 times, traveling nearly in space or more than 525 times the distance from the Earth to the Moon.

By a straightforward reduction to the halting problem it is possible to prove that ( for any Turing complete language ) finding all possible run-time errors in an arbitrary program ( or more generally any kind of violation of a specification on the final result of a program ) is undecidable: there is no mechanical method that can always answer truthfully whether a given program may or may not exhibit runtime errors.

By the end of the game, Elway was sacked five times and threw three interceptions, and Washington scored another touchdown on a 68-yard fourth quarter drive featuring a 25-yard run by Clark on a reverse and three runs by Smith for 43 yards, the last a 4-yard touchdown to bring the game to its final score of 42 – 10.

By June 1598, The Japanese forces fought with desperation, turning back several Chinese offensives in Suncheon and Sacheon as the Ming army prepared for a final assault.