By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks.

By the summer of 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by about 11, 000 Japanese of the 14th Infantry Division with Korean and Okinawan laborers.

By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart.

By the 14th century, plate armour was commonly used to supplement mail.

By the 14th century, this had come to be used for the equipment used for fishing, referring to the rod and reel, etc., and also for that used in sailing, referring to rigging, equipment, or gear used on ships.

By the 14th century the qualifiers " moresca " and " latina " had been dropped and these two cordophones were usually simply referred to as guitars.

By the early 14th century, according to N. J. G.

By the 14th century CE, they had converted to Islam.

By the middle of the 14th century, the power of the Mongols was declining, and the Grand Princes felt able to openly oppose the Mongol yoke.

By the 14th century however, on Mount Athos the terms Hesychasm and Hesychast refer to the practice and to the practitioner of a method of mental ascesis that involves the use of the Jesus Prayer assisted by certain psychophysical techniques.

By the end of the 14th century, internal struggles and external attacks had torn Kanem apart.

By the 14th century, when this " official history " begins, the speakers of early Lao-related languages had probably developed a reasonable base of population among the prior inhabitants of ( what is now ) Laos over the prior century or two.

By the time of the largest expansion towards Kievan Rus ' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800, 000 km < sup > 2 </ sup >, of which 10 % was ethnically Lithuanian.

By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy.

By the 14th century a certain split within the Nichiren Schools occurred though.

By the 14th century the Ottoman Empire's prosperity made manuscript works available to merchants and craftsmen, and produced a flowering of miniatures that depicted pagentry, daily life, commerce, cities and stories, and chronicled events.

By the 14th century, the influx of settlers into Upper Silesia stopped because of the plague.

By the 14th century, a hamlet of fishermen's dwellings had established itself around the cove at Porthleven, named from the old Cornish " porth " ( harbour ) and " leven " ( level or smooth ).

By the middle of the 14th century these Freischöffen ( Latin scabini ), sworn associates of the Fehme, were scattered in thousands throughout the length and breadth of Germany, known to each other by secret signs and pass-words, and all of them pledged to serve the summons of the secret courts and to execute their judgment.

* By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0. 025 % to 0. 014 % its original value in the 14th century ; this and counterfeiting of copper coin currency will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.

By the 12th century Italian flutes came in a variety of sizes, and fragments of 12th-century Norman bone whistles have been found in Ireland, and an intact 14 cm Tusculum clay whistle from the 14th century in Scotland.

By the 14th century Po-ni also fell under the influence of the Javanese Majapahit Empire.

By the end of the 14th century, some 200, 000 military colonists settled some 2, 000, 000 mu ( 350, 000 acres ) of land in what is now Yunnan and Guizhou.

By the 14th century, European scholarship on the topic had not advanced much beyond the work and tales from the Crusaders.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the tenth century two other forms can be distinguished namely Canaanite and Aramaic.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

By the mid-4th century however the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By the standards of 19th century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money ; on the other hand, the contrast between his life and the lives of many of his own workers and of the poor, in general, was stark.

By the 7th century BC, much of the Assyrian population used Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic and not Akkadian itself.

By the 4th century AD artists had started debating in writing over the proper goals of art as well.

By the end of the twentieth century " Negro " had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

By the 1st century BC, Aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.