By the 1850s, slavery was still legal in the southern United States, but had been generally outlawed in the northern states, such as Illinois.

By the 1850s when they first came into sustained contact by outside groups, there were estimated 7, 000 Adamanese, divided into the following major groups:

By the 1850s, bunyip had also become a " synonym for imposter, pretender, humbug and the like " in the broader Australian community.

By the late 1850s, one of these mentions the term " French fried potatoes ".

By the 1850s, British and German missionaries and traders had penetrated present-day Namibia.

" By the 1850s, though, this meaning of ‘ broomstick ’ had fallen out of currency and references to ‘ broomstick marriages ’ began to be interpreted literally, as though they had involved a couple actually jumping over a stick.

By the 1850s, it was noticed that the numbers of birds seemed to be decreasing, but still the slaughter continued, accelerating to an even greater level as more railroads were developed after the American Civil War.

By the 1850s, Arapaho bands had coalesced into two tribes: the Northern Arapaho and Southern Arapaho.

By the 1850s, when a major covered bridge was constructed at Philippi to service travellers on the Beverly-Fairmont Turnpike, the County's population was approaching 10, 000 people.

By the 1850s, over 50 vessels a year were being launched from 15 shipyards and Essex became recognized worldwide as North America ’ s center for fishing schooner construction.

By the time that Charles Dickens visited Epsom Downs to view the race in the 1850s, entertainers such as musicians, clowns and conjurers plied their trades and entertained the crowds while others provided other forms of entertainment such as coconut stalls.

By the 1850s, the two-coin form was being played on the goldfields of the eastern colonies and it was spread across the country following subsequent goldrushes.

By the 1850s the Press was using steam-powered machine presses, employing two to three hundred people, and occupying several buildings in the Silver Street and Mill Lane area, including the one that the Press still occupies, the Pitt Building ( 1833 ), which was built specifically for the Press and in honour of William Pitt the Younger.

By the late 1850s, however, gold mining was beginning to decline and population dwindled as well.

By the 1850s, John Jefferson in his 20s was proprietor of the American Hotel in Madison.

By the 1850s several palatial steamboats were visiting the town as a regular stop on the Mobile to Columbus, Mississippi route along the Tombigbee.

By the early 1850s, the Sharp family had moved into the area from Walhalla, South Carolina.

By the late 1850s, the city had a population of around 20, 000.

By the 1850s, the population mix had changed to 28 percent “ Yankee ” and 48 percent German.

By the 1850s the town had 14 single-saw mills, 3 gang-saw ( multiple-saw ) mills, 4 clapboard mills, 4 lath mills, and 3 shingle mills.

By the 1850s, Lowell had the largest industrial complex in the United States.

By the 1850s, the rapid growth of the metropolitan area meant it became too large to efficiently operate as a single post town.

By the 1850s, the city of Campbell had several saloons, a drug store, many physicians, two to three general stores, and a post office.

By the 1850s, one of his ferries ran by steam.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By the early 1960s, most of East and Central Africa, where the majority of the Ismāʿīlī population on the continent resided including Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda, Malagasy, Rwanda, Burundi and Zaire, had attained their political independence.

By far the largest regional market was the Middle East, to which Brazil sold approximately 50 % of its arms from 1977 through 1988.

By the early 18th century, this initial portrayal was rejected by the Dominicans and Franciscans, creating a dispute among Catholics in East Asia that was known as the " Rites Controversy ".

By comparison, the former colony of the United Province of Canada ( divided into the District of Canada East, and the District of Canada West ) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company ; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of Rupert's Land to the Government of Canada under the Rupert's Land Act 1868 was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers.

By 1611, shareholders in the East India Company were earning an almost 150 % return on their investment.

By 1991 the communist governments of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania, all of which had been imposed after World War II, were brought down as revolution swept Eastern Europe.

By 1692, Elihu Yale's repeated flouting of East India Company regulations and growing embarrassment at his illegal profiteering resulted in his being relieved of the post of governor.

By the mid-1960s, the East Pakistan was accounting for less than 60 % of the nation's export earnings, and by the time of Bangladesh's independence in 1971, this percentage had dipped below 50 %.

By the mid-1960s, West Pakistan was benefiting from Ayub's " Decade of Progress ," with its successful " green revolution " in wheat, and from the expansion of markets for West Pakistani textiles, while the East Pakistan's standard of living remained at an abysmally low level.

By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East.

By this theory, the name of the Geordie lamp attached to the North East pit men themselves.

By 1866 any native of the North East could be called a Geordie.

By 2006, only two elderly Cubans still crossed the base's North East Gate daily to work on the base, because the Cuban government prohibits new recruitment.

By contrast, East Germany renounced ties to the Nazi past, styling itself the " anti-fascist rampart " and proclaiming itself the first socialist state on German soil.

By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were closing from the East.

By 1963, Holden was exporting cars to Africa, the Middle East, South-East Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean.

By November 1944, they had thrown out the Germans, being with Yugoslavia the only East European nations to do so without any assistance from the Soviet Army.

By the 6th century the majority of the modern county was part of the East Saxon kingdom.

By the 16th century, the Dutch East India Company established a replenishing station at Table Bay for restocking water and purchasing meat from the Khoikhoi.

By the Middle Bronze Age, increasing numbers of smelted iron objects ( distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the product ) appeared in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia.

By the 7th century the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the East, under the name of the Conception ( active ) of Saint Anne.

By 1669, the Dutch East India Company was the richest private company in history, with a huge fleet of merchant ships and warships, tens of thousands of employees, a private army consisting of thousands of soldiers, and a reputation on the part of its stockholders for high dividend payments.

) By 1818 the East India Company was master of all of India.