By the 1870s, the Transcontinental Railroad reached its terminus in Oakland.

By the late 1870s, however, croquet had been eclipsed by another fashionable game, tennis, and many of the newly-created croquet clubs, including the All England club at Wimbledon, converted some or all of their lawns into tennis courts.

By the 1870s, British physicist William Crookes and others were able to evacuate tubes to a lower pressure, below 10 < sup >− 6 </ sup > atm.

By the 1870s, the canal's goods traffic had dwindled to just three major types of bulk goods-forest products, coal and ore, none of which required rapid transportation.

By the 1870s, the Sublime Porte's reforms aimed at checking the Ottoman Empire's disintegration had clearly failed.

By the end of the 1870s, a major change had taken place: philosophy of the rationalist or eclectic kind, generally Kantian, had taken over rhetoric as the true end stage of secondary education ( the so-called Class of Philosophy bridged secondary and university education ).

By the mid 1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.

By the mid 1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.

By the 1870s, efficient generators that produced alternating current ( alternators ) were available, and it was found that alternating current could power an induction coil directly, without an interrupter.

By the 1870s, the firm was offering both designs for embroideries and finished works.

By the 1870s, McGonagall and his family were struggling.

By the end of the American Civil War, the Observatory's clocks were linked via telegraph to ring the alarm bells in all of the Washington, D. C. firehouses three times a day, and by the early 1870s the Observatory's daily noon time signal was being distributed nationwide via the Western Union Telegraph Company.

By the 1870s, breweries had become the largest users of commercial refrigeration units, though some still relied on harvested ice.

By the 1870s the future king had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing.

By the 1870s, Reconstruction had officially provided freedmen with equal rights under the constitution, and blacks were voting and taking political office.

By the 1870s J. C. Godeffroy und Sohn of Hamburg ( operating out of Samoa ) began to dominate the Tuvalu copra trade, which company was in 1879 taken over by Handels-und Plantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln zu Hamburg ( DHPG ).

By the later 1870s Degas had mastered not only the traditional medium of oil on canvas, but pastel as well.

By the 1870s Echuca had risen to prominence as Australia's largest inland port.

By the end of the 1870s the stage was set for discontent among the aboriginal people of the prairies: the bison population was in serious decline ( creating enormous economic difficulties ) and, in an attempt to assert control over aboriginal settlement, the federal government often violated the terms of the treaties it had signed during the latter part of the decade.

By the late 1870s, white Democrats had regained their political power in the state legislature and passed measures to disfranchise the blacks, which essentially lasted until after the passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s.

By the late 1870s, hardship was experienced by everyone.

" By the early 1870s water diversions were being used to irrigate an extensive area of corn and other crops.

By the early 1870s, what was referred to as " North Arkansas College " ( not to be confused with the modern community college by the same name in Harrison, Arkansas ) was founded and students from all over the state attended.

By the late 1870s, Springville was large enough to warrant a post office, but there already existed a town called Springville, California ( now part of Camarillo, in Ventura County ) in the state of California.

" By the Way " was originally a column in the Globe, consisting of unsigned humorous pieces ; P. G. Wodehouse was assistant editor of the column from August 1903 and editor from August 1904 to May 1909, during which time he was assisted by Herbert Westbrook.

By the autumn of 1537, Elizabeth was in the care of Blanche Herbert, Lady Troy who remained her Lady Mistress until her retirement in late 1545 or early 1546.

By a law signed on March 3, 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, " The Star-Spangled Banner " was adopted as the national anthem of the United States.

By Herbert Leibowitz.

By Herbert J. Friedman, Friedman Law Offices, Nebraska

By this time, Garner Ted Armstrong, the son of Herbert W. Armstrong, was the voice and face of the program.

By James ' third year his mother and five of his siblings had died of consumption, leaving James to what biographer Herbert Paul describes as a " loveless, cheerless boyhood " with his cold, disciplinarian father and brother Richard.

In the Dune series By Frank Herbert, the Face Dancers are controlled by such a language.

By the time he was 19, Herbert had received engagements as a soloist with several major German orchestras.

By World War I, with the birth of jazz, ragtime and new dance styles like the foxtrot and tango, Herbert reluctantly switched to writing musical comedies.

By World War I, musical tastes were shifting in America, and Herbert was forced to compose in a simpler musical style.

By 1900 however, the first all-British 4-wheel car was designed and built by Herbert Austin, manager of the Wolseley Sheep Shearing Company later becoming Wolseley Motors Limited in Birmingham.

By the late 1880s, the neighborhood along Graham Avenue was inhabited by many Italian immigrants, as evidenced by The Saint Mary of the Snow Society at 410 Graham Avenue, established 1888, and St. Cecilia's Catholic Church at 84 Herbert Street, established 1871.

By April 1577, Herbert married his third wife, the former Mary Sidney, daughter of Sir Henry Sidney and Lady Mary Dudley, daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.

* Land of Butterflies ( ballet ) ( music By Victor Herbert )

By contrast, Kernberg viewed the " grandiose self " as pathological, as an instance of development gone away ', as did Herbert Rosenfeld and John Steiner.

By the time of his death in 1119, Herbert de Losinga had completed the choir, which is apsidal and encircled by a procession path, and which originally gave access to three Norman chapels.

By lap 13, the gap between him and Villeneuve was approximately 20 seconds, and a train of cars consisting to David Coulthard, Jean Alesi, Mika Häkkinen, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, and Johnny Herbert was behind him.

By lap 40, Villeneuve had closed right up on the three ahead of him, that is Salo, Herbert and Button.

By 1935, rural migrants and unemployed workers had built a massive shanty town ( or " Hooverville " after president Herbert Hoover ) on the south bank of the North Canadian River.

By this time the ideas of Nikolay Stankevich, N. G. Chernyshevsky, Nikolay Dobrolyubov, Pisarev and other Russian revolutionary democrats, the materialistic philosophies of Ludwig Buchner, Karl Vogt, and Jacob Moleschott, and the revolutionary theories of Darwin and Herbert Spencer had gained considerable ground among Serbian intellectuals.

* Charles Herbert Mayo, A Genealogical Account of the Mayo and Elton Families of the Counties of Wiltshire and Hereford ; with an Appendix Containing Genealogies for the Most Part Not Hitherto Published of Certain Families By Marriage to the Family of Mayo, ( London: Chiswick Press, 1882 )

# Die Imaginierung ethnischer Weltsicht im neueren amerikanischen Drama By: Herbert Grabes, IN: Schlote and Zenzinger, New Beginnings in Twentieth-Century Theatre and Drama: Essays in Honour of Armin Geraths.

By the agency of the tenor Max Lorenz, he started an employment as a répétiteur at the Berlin State Opera, where in 1939 Herbert von Karajan became Staatskapellmeister.