By the 1990s, however, mentalité history had become interdisciplinary to the point of fragmentation, but still lacked a solid theoretical basis.

By the early 1990s, commercial flights connected Comoros with France, Mauritius, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Madagascar.

By the 1990s, the US had adopted the M4 carbine, a derivative of the M16 family which fired the same 5. 56mm cartridge but was lighter and shorter ( in overall length and barrel length ), resulting in marginally reduced range and power.

By the early 1990s, the performance of microprocessor-based computers reached the point that real-time generation of computer music using more general programs and algorithms became possible.

By the 1990s, many of these bands and artists had disbanded, were no longer performing, or were being carried by independent labels because their music tended to be more lyrically complex ( and often more controversial ) than mainstream Christian pop.

By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s.

By the end of the 1980s, the economy had made a healthy recovery, which weakened in the 1990s due to a decrease in banana prices.

By the early 1990s there was sufficient interest among his seminar graduates to launch a collaborative implementation of his work, and the Bootstrap Alliance was formed as a non-profit home base for this effort.

By the 1990s the majority of deforestation was caused by industrial factors, including extractive industries, large-scale cattle ranching, and extensive agriculture.

By the early 1990s, however, relational systems were dominant for all large-scale data processing applications, and they remain dominant today ( 2012 ) except in niche areas.

By the late 1990s, however, the focus had shifted to health care fraud, which now accounts for the majority of cases filed by whistleblowers and by the government.

By the end of the 1990s, 11 fishing farms were registered in Guadeloupe and experiments are under way to catch and market fish in order to respond to growing demand.

By the late 1990s, Gopher had largely ceased expanding.

By the early 1990s, conflicts developed in the Microsoft / IBM relationship.

By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms.

By the early 1990s many small independent luthiers began making archtop guitars.

By the 1990s, however, these gathering systems were breaking down in many areas.

By the end of the 1990s, he was appearing only in the occasional commercial, largely because of health problems ( in 1995, he was diagnosed with T-cell lymphoma ).

By the late 1990s, private meteorite-collecting expeditions had been launched throughout the Sahara.

By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards supported a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all ; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as a separate component.

By the late 1990s MIPS was a powerhouse in the embedded processor field, and in 1997 the 48-millionth MIPS-based CPU shipped, making it the first RISC CPU to outship the famous 68k family.

By the mid-1990s, work on microkernel systems was largely dead, despite the market generally believing that all modern operating systems would be microkernel based by the 1990s.

By the early 1990s, Silicon Graphics ( SGI ) was a leader in 3D graphics for workstations.

By the 1990s, punk rock was sufficiently ingrained in Western culture that punk trappings were often used to market highly commercial bands as " rebels ".

By this time billionaire Sir James Goldsmith had set up his own Referendum Party, siphoning off some Conservative support, and at the 1997 General Election many Conservative candidates were openly expressing reluctance to join.

By the 1970s the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party.

' By the end of 1904, the Tariff Reform League's numerous branches were challenging the Conservative National Union.

By the time Lamont was appointed Chancellor, the Conservative government's principal economic objective was to regain control of inflation.

By the time the later series were made the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher was in power, and fewer political observations were made against government or opposition.

By parliamentary convention financial and budget bills are not challenged by the House of Lords, but in this case the predominately Conservative Lords rejected the bill on 30 April, setting off a constitutional crisis.

By the time Stewart took office, it was becoming apparent that the policy was not being universally complied with: Conservative MLA George Douglas Stanley alleged that judges were often hungover when they sat in judgment of those accused of violating liquor laws, and Cross's replacement as Attorney-General, John Boyle, admitted that in his estimation 65 % of the province's male population broke the Prohibition Act.

By the 1980s, Mary Whitehouse had found a more powerful ally in the Conservative government, particularly in Margaret Thatcher herself, whose government's support base partially consisted of Christians and social conservatives.

By the 1880s he was denouncing " the new Toryism " ( that is, the " social reformist wing " of the Liberal party – the wing to some extent hostile to Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, this faction of the Liberal party Spencer compared to the interventionist " Toryism " of such people as the former Conservative party Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli ).

By the end of 2011 an additional four Liberals, a Progressive Conservative ( not aligned with the Conservative Government ), and one Conservative will reach the mandatory retirement age of 75.

By 1982, they controlled Liverpool City Council, and took the lead in opposing Conservative budget cuts.

By this point, their opposition – the Provincial Rights Party – had decided to re-join mainstream politics and renamed itself the Conservative Party.

By the 1910s, the splitting off of the Social Liberals and the appearance of the Social Democrats had pushed Venstre toward the centre, and it often relied on its former Conservative adversaries for parliamentary support.

By this time his father was leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister, and his candidacy naturally attracted press comment.

By the time of his retirement, Wilkinson was one of the longest-serving Conservative MPs.

By 14 October with the close of nominations imminent, persistent Conservative associations and candidates had forced National Labour candidates to withdraw in four constituencies and there were only 25 candidates confirmed, of which 10 had Conservative opposition.

By the late 1980s, however, the council became increasingly party politicised with the Conservative Party being the major political force on the council often forming coalitions with Conservative supporting independents to ensure the day to day operation of the Council.

By this time, the new Liberal Premier Thomas Greenway had formally introduced party government to the province, and no one doubted that Norquay was now the province's Conservative leader.

By 1870, the pro-Confederation party became generally known as the Liberal-Conservatives or just " Conservatives ", and were aligned with the national Conservative Party of Sir John A. Macdonald.