By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system.

By the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Zhou Dynasty began to emerge in the Yellow River valley, overrunning the territory of the Shang.

By the later 2nd century, it was accepted that the celebration of Pascha ( Easter ) was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition.

By 07: 00, word was finally got to 2nd Armoured Brigade which started to move north west.

By the late 2nd century, the tradition was held by most Christians.

By the 2nd century AD it was known as vikanor Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio.

By the 2nd century BC, several large, although loosely administered, Berber kingdoms had emerged.

By the All-Star Break, the Brewers were in 2nd place in the division, behind Pittsburgh and St. Louis.

By the 2nd century AD, the observance of a corporate day of worship on the first day ( Sunday, or Saturday night ) had become commonplace, as attested in the patristic writings.

By the 2nd century BCE, France was called Gaul ( Gallia Transalpina ) by the Romans.

By the end of the 2nd World War, the Italians launched the ' age of crèma ' as the new coffee machines could create a higher pressure, leading to a finer grind and the now so classic ' crèma '.

By the 2nd century AD, during the Han Dynasty, the Chinese also used chain pumps that lifted water from lower elevation to higher elevation.

By the 2nd century CE, Daoists formed large hierarchical religious societies such as the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice.

By mid-July, Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke was advising the king to make war on the barons who, unwilling to risk their lives, entered negotiations in September 1312.

By the end of the 2nd century BCE, the classification scheme had been expanded into eight categories, seen in the Art of Grammar ( Τέχνη Γραμματική ):

By the beginning of the 1st century, the Alans had occupied lands in the northeast Azov Sea area, along the Don and by the 2nd century had amalgamated or joined with the Yancai of the early Chinese records to extend their control all the way along the trade routes from the Black Sea to the north of the Caspian and Aral seas.

By the early 2nd century BC the Greco-Bactrians had created an impressive empire that stretched southwards to include northwest India.

By the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city states.

By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited.

By the time the Romans conquered mainland Greece in the 2nd century BC they were importing Greek craftsmen to build major public buildings.

The Romans had other reasons to conquer Carthage and her remaining territories, By the middle of the 2nd century BC, the population of the city of Rome was about 400, 000 and rising.

By 09: 30, the regimental command post was set up just below the bluff crest, and the 1st and 2nd battalions of the 16th RCT were being sent inland as they reached the crest.

By the early 2nd century Lugavalium had become established as a prominent stronghold.

By the early 2nd century BC it was part of the Kingdom of Armenia.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the end of the century the Roman Catholic Church was beginning to make itself felt, mainly through such institutions as hospitals but also through its attitude towards organized labour.

By the 27th century BC Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs which are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel ( or no vowel ) to be supplied by the native speaker.

By the tenth century two other forms can be distinguished namely Canaanite and Aramaic.

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks.

By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

By the beginning of the 8th century, these kingdoms had either been conquered by Nicene neighbors ( Ostrogoths, Vandals, Burgundians ) or their rulers had accepted Nicene Christianity ( Visigoths, Lombards ).

By the middle of the 19th century, industrialisation swept away most of the city's medieval rules of production and commerce, although the entirely corrupt remains of the city's mediæval constitution was kept in place ( compare the famous remarks of Georg Forster in his Ansichten vom Niederrhein ) until 1801, when Aachen became the " chef-lieu du département de la Roer " in Napoléon's First French Empire.

By the 6th century Alexander's commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was referred to as " the commentator " ().

By the mid-4th century however the assembly's judicial functions were largely curtailed, though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial.

By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe.

By the standards of 19th century tycoons, Carnegie was not a particularly ruthless man but a humanitarian with enough acquisitiveness to go in the ruthless pursuit of money ; on the other hand, the contrast between his life and the lives of many of his own workers and of the poor, in general, was stark.

By the 7th century BC, much of the Assyrian population used Akkadian influenced Eastern Aramaic and not Akkadian itself.

By the 4th century AD artists had started debating in writing over the proper goals of art as well.

By the end of the twentieth century " Negro " had come to be considered inappropriate and was rarely used and perceived as a pejorative.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

By the 1st century BC, Aediles were elected in July, and took office on the first day in January.

By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms.

By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

By the 3rd century BC, the rival armies of Carthage and Rome began to invade and fight for control of the Iberian Peninsula.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

By the end of the 18th century there were no factories or mills and only a few small cottage industries along the border with Zurich.

By the beginning of the twentieth century, Steiner's interests turned to explicitly spiritual areas of research.